中國北戴河秋季鳥類遷徙，1986-1990
（納入中國鶴觀察1986年報告）
由 Martin D. Williams 編輯
介紹
馬丁·威廉姆斯
北戴河（嚴格的北戴河海濱——北戴河灘：北緯 39°47′，東經 119°27′）是北京以東約 280 公里處的海濱度假勝地，是世界上最佳的遷徙觀察點之一。直到 20 世紀 80 年代中期，人們主要從 Axel Hemmingsen 1942-1945 年的研究（Hemmingsen 1951，Hemmingsen 和 Guildal 1968）和 John de la Touche 1910-1917 年在秦皇島附近的研究（La Touche 1920，1921）中得知，連同其他人的偶爾觀察，包括 GD Wilder 和 HW Hubbard (1924, Wilder 1923, 1924a, 1924b, 1925, 1932, 1940, 1941a, 1941b, 1941c)，這表明許多遷徙者，包括大量的鶴和東方白鸛 Ciconia boyciana 每年都會經過該地區。最近的研究始於 1985 年春季的一項調查（Williams et al. 1986，Williams 1986）。這是非常成功的——結果包括 652 只西伯利亞鶴 Grus leucogeranus，約佔當時世界已知種群的 40%。
1985 年的研究之後是 China Cranewatch 1986，一項對秋季遷徙的調查。這也很成功，從那以後到 1990 年每年都進行觀測。
本報告總結了1986年至1990年北戴河秋季遷徙調查的結果。結果包括：
1986: China Cranewatch 1986（由 MDW 牽頭；8 名成員，一些成員未滿），8 月 20 日至 11 月 20 日。
1987：8 月 18 日至 11 月 30 日的觀察結果； 12 人（大多數時間少於整個週期）為日誌做出了貢獻；由 Jesper Hornskov 和 John Palfery 協調的數據收集。
1988：Jesper Hornskov（Hornskov 未發表）9 月 8 日至 11 月 18 日的觀察； 10 月 8 日至 11 月 16 日，由 MDW 和許維舒 (Xu Weishu) 領導的 Earthwatch 團隊對晚秋遷徙進行的調查——通常由 JH 提供幫助，儘管日誌是分開保存的。
1989：Michael Fink Jørgensen 在 9 月 14-29 日和 10 月 5-6 日的觀察（未發表）；由 MDW、Hsu Weishu 和 Geoff Carey 領導的 Earthwatch 團隊於 10 月 7 日至 11 月 16 日進行的晚秋遷徙調查；包括七位來訪的英國觀鳥者在這一時期的大部分時間裡的觀察。
1990：Jan Hjort Christensen 於 8 月 19 日至 10 月 22 日保存的日誌，此後 JHC 為 MDW、Hsu Weishu 和 Steve Holloway 領導的 Earthwatch 團隊於 10 月 23 日至 11 月 16 日保存的日誌做出了貢獻。
北戴河人居
Stephen J. Holloway、Simon RB Thompson 和 Martin D. Williams
北戴河及其周邊地區的覆蓋範圍與 1985 年春季覆蓋的範圍大致相同，主要的例外是太和池，該區域已被美化，成為鳥類的不良棲息地（見下文）。
儘管 China Cranewatch 1986 的成員在 1985 年調查後僅 14 個月抵達，但該地區發生了許多變化，開發和由此產生的棲息地破壞仍在繼續。北戴河是中國首屈一指的度假勝地之一，其擴建（包括建立南戴河新城）對移民的棲息地產生了不利影響。
該說明主要詳細描述了 1985 年春季至 1986 年秋季之間棲息地的變化，並提及了一些後續變化； Holloway 提供了更多信息（in Williams 1986，pp. 12-22）。 [請注意，在以前的報告中，包括 Wil-liams (1986)，Wade-Giles 羅馬化形式被用於北戴河的地方。在這裡，我們採用拼音系統，例如，Peking 成為北京，Peitaiho 成為 Beidaihe。]
The south coast of Beidaihe
The shore along the south coast of Beidaihe is generally sandy, with a few rocky outcrops. Hotels, vil-las and other buildings, and small public parks, fringe the seashore. Some of the buildings—especially those from Tiger Rocks westwards—are set in large, wooded grounds (e.g. at the West Hill Hotel, which was the expedition base in 1985, but is now off-limits to casual visitors). There are several new (post-spring 1985) buildings, including hotels, especially towards Lighthouse Point. Pines and tamarisks Tamarix sp. line the beaches, to act as windbreaks.
Tiger Rocks以東的公共花園（靠近'Study Area Gully'）主要種植灌木，如Co-toneaster sp.、Berberis sp.、Rosa sp.、Ligustrum sp.等西方園藝家熟悉的植物。它們變得相當被忽視和雜草叢生，為雀形目提供了茂密的掩護。到 11 月初，枸子和小蘗的漿果豐收，吸引了一些雀形目動物。地面覆蓋物的厚度使該地區難以工作。此外，該地區還受到當地人和北戴河遊客的干擾，尤其是在周末。到 11 月初，騷亂已大大減少；本月在這裡看到的有趣鳥類包括中國白頭鵯、青翅喜鵲 Urocissa cyanus 和 Père David's Laughingthrush garrulax davidi（漿果作物，干擾減少，在許多落葉樹落葉時的良好覆蓋使這個公園在 11 月對雀形目動物特別有吸引力）。
Several gullies lead down to the sea along the south coast. One of them—‘Study (Area) Gully’, which lies just west of the overgrown gardens—was visited often in 1985. This could be accessed from either the main road running east to west through Beidaihe (the top of the gully meets this road a little east of Kiesling’s) or from the road along the seafront. Both the entrances had groves of poplars Populus sp. mixed with smaller numbers of acacia Robinia sp. A few older apple trees were also present. A small boggy area proved attractive to insectivores such as Dusky Warblers Phylloscopus fus-catus and Radde’s Warblers P. schwarzi. Long grass held the occasional Yellow-legged Buttonquail Turnix tanki and skulking Lo-custella warblers. White’s Thrushes (Scaly Thrushes) Zoothera dauma frequented a walled garden beside the southern end of the gully. By autumn 1986, little had changed since 1985, although piping had been laid along the centre of the gully, reducing the stream flow in that area. By 1988, a wall had been built across the southern entrance, sev-eral bushes and trees had been damaged or removed in the middle of the gully, and rocks and rubble had been tipped in from construc-tion work at nearby buildings: however, the gully still produced good numbers of birds. A large building has since been constructed in the gully; only the upper part of the gully is worth visiting.
花園東邊的一條小溪兼作排污口。它的兩旁是蘆葦 Ty-hpa sp.，茂密的牽牛花 Convolvulus sp.。墊子和柳樹 Salix sp。樹苗。雖然工作起來很不愉快，但這個區域連同小而雜草叢生的出海口還是有很多鶯鶯和聊天的地方。
Further east, near Legation Point, was Legation Gully. ‘Park’ was a term used by Hemmingsen (1958) for the upper part of this gully; there were maize fields here, extending to the town’s main east-west road, but con-struction work had already begun. A large belt of Thiya (?) T. orientalis and pines ef-fectively screened this area from the lower section of willows and oaks Anarcus sp. (?). A small stream with marsh surrounds flowed down towards the sea, spreading out to form a larger marshy area. This held the typical se-lection of warblers, Red-flanked Bluetails (Orange-flanked Bush-Robins) Erithacus cyanurus and flycatchers; a Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla was flushed from the bog-gier sections. A large sector of pines dominated the grassy centre of the gully and bordered onto a large, densely-vegetated walled garden on the eastern side—this was inaccessible, so observation was limited to birds visible from the gully.
溝渠北邊的玉米田正在重建中。未來幾年，開發似乎很可能會擴展到“公園”的其餘部分。到 11 月中旬，相鄰果園中的樹木（這對鶯和西伯利亞藍知更鳥有好處）被砍伐了。在調查的最後一天，電線橫跨溝渠的南端——因此開發似乎迫在眉睫。在 1986 年秋季之後的幾個季節裡，棲息地退化和出入限制的增加使得該地區的觀鳥活動相對沒有回報；然而，它最近再次證明具有吸引力。
Just east of Legation Point, Legation Point Gully had been effectively destroyed as a birdwatching area by the construction of hotels. The large grove of poplars at the seaward side had held flycatchers at times, but now seems near-useless for birdwatching.
在 Legation Point 和 Lighthouse Point 之間，酒店佔據了半耕地和灌木叢。 1986 年，一條軌道允許沿著海灘進入；到1987年已經成為公路（現在公路一直通到北戴河沿岸）。
Lighthouse Point was still out of bounds to foreigners. However, two or three visits were made to the grounds of the Dong Shan Hotel, before one of the hotel staff said it was off-limits. It seemed the hotel grounds could be very good for birdwatching, being well-wooded and at a prime locality for attracting migrants which are following the coast or ar-riving from over the sea.
在隨後的幾年裡，觀鳥者造訪了這一點，發現它對遷徙的鳥類來說是多產的（海明森發現它是春天最好的地方之一）。他們通過該點西側圍欄上的一個缺口進入，並沿著一條小路到達其南端。這穿過樹木；事實證明，兩條小溝渠對包括畫眉在內的鳴禽很有吸引力，還有一個小蘆葦床也棲息著鳥類。
The east coast of Beidaihe
Fishhook Point In spring 1985, building work began on fields above Fishhook Point. By autumn 1986, this had made the area al-most unrecognizable; there were a large, walled hotel complex many buildings and two new roads on the land which had been fields. Many of the coastal shrubs had been cleared; the only remaining vegetation which produced birds was in villa gardens and orchards adja-cent to the area. A small, reed-fringed pond which had held Baillon’s Crakes and Acro-cephalus warblers was within the hotel grounds; some visits were made to this, though the gate was sometimes locked and observers were turned away on occasions.
大海仍然值得檢查鷉魚、鴨子等，但在 1986 年，該點附近似乎對雀類沒什麼價值。新架設的電話線很受燕子的歡迎；一個建築工地放著精選的百靈鳥和鹀。
到 1988 年，在海岸上方和新的海岸公路沿線進行了大量植樹活動；覆蓋層已被允許發展，並且該區域已重新獲得對遷徙雀類的一些吸引力。
Eagle Rock Gully The small, cultivated gully to the south of Eagle Rock had changed little since spring 1985, and remained a pleas-ant place to sit, watch and photograph birds. Warblers, chats and buntings could be found throughout the gully. The small stream flow-ing through the gully was reed-fringed in several areas and remained undisturbed most of the time. Dense peach orchards covered most of the road-side section, leading through a nursery of newly-planted trees and grafts to a well-established orchard of apples and pears (there were no citrus trees in the gully as re-ported in Williams 1986, as Beidaihe is too far north and cold for a citrus industry). Thrushes frequented the peaches, whilst a Long-tailed Rosefinch Uragus sibiricus and Azure-winged Magpies were seen in the older section (the gully was the favoured locality of Long-tailed Rosefinches in spring 1985). The only change in evidence was the uprooting of most of the older fruit trees in November. Unlike spring 1985, there was little evidence of birds been shot at.
1987年秋，溝谷上部（與下部被一堵小牆隔開）的許多樹木被連根拔起； 1988 年秋天，建築工程在這裡進行，從那以後，這上面的部分很少有鳥出沒。
Eagle Rock The development of this prom-ontory as a tourist attraction has entailed the construction of pavilions and walkways, and the siting of a genuine Mig fighter plane for souvenir snapshots (it has since been re-moved). Admission charges, though small by western standards, are strictly enforced. Dis-turbance of observers by tourists can be off-putting, but a short descent of the cliff face enables one to find a peaceful vantage point from which to survey the Sandflats and look over the sea (because of the height advantage, it is usually much easier to see grebes, ducks and other birds on the sea from here than it is from the Sandflats).
到 1988 年秋天，除了拆除戰鬥機外幾乎沒有什麼變化。
The (Henghe) Sandflats
The Henghe (Heng River) runs to the sea across the Sand-flats, an estuarine area extending approximately 1.75 km to the north of Eagle Rock. The area was basically unchanged since 1985, though two artificial lakes had been built at the southern edge, and there were seats and small pavilions below Eagle Rock.
除了海薰衣草補血草等耐鹽物種的墊子外，沙灘上幾乎沒有植被。和 glaswort Salicornia sp。沙坪西南部的一個大床被涉水者用作棲息地，百靈鳥和鶺鴒經常出沒，儘管它經常被漲潮淹沒。
At the beginning of the survey, the Sandflats were covered with silt, unlike spring 1985 when the area was mostly sandy, with silt mainly restricted to the channel of the Henghe. This was apparently largely a result of tides being considerably higher than for much of the spring, often reaching to the Beidaihe-Qinhuangdao highway; the higher summer rainfall may also have helped wash silt down the Henghe to the Sandflats. This silt layer was largely gone by November, when cover-age at high tide was generally less extensive (it seems the tides tend to be lower in winter than in summer, perhaps as a result of the air pressure being usually higher in winter).
淤泥明顯增加了鳥類可獲得的食物，而沙坪對於 11 月初的濱鳥和海鷗等水鳥來說是極好的。在調查期的前三週，濱鳥的數量和多樣性最高：8 月 27 日上午，我們看到了 34 個物種的 2000 多只濱鳥。 9 月 4 日至 6 日期間，一隻諾德曼氏綠腳鷸和一天內多達七隻遺鷗 Larus relictus 是在沙灘看到的“明星”鳥類。
Migration was often in evidence, with birds typically arriving from over the sea to the east or northeast, and heading south or southwest (over the town); or travelling down the coast. These included many of the species seen from the Lotus Hills watchpoint and some species, such as shorebirds and White-winged Terns Chlidonias leucoptera, which were seen in higher numbers from here than from the Lotus Hills, or were not recorded from the Lotus Hills. On several migration wave days, such as 27 August, passing shorebird flocks sometimes landed briefly before continuing southwards.
與 1985 年春季一樣，該地區受到貝殼和海藻採集者和漁民的干擾。偶爾也有獵人：9 月 22 日，一隻斑尾塍鷸 Limosa lap-ponica 被獵殺，一隻遠東麻鷸 Numenius madagascariensis 被打殘。
A very conveniently situated maize field ad-jacent to the Sandflats often produced good numbers of pipits and wagtails, as well as Bluethroats 斯維西絲蟲 in the surrounding sparse vegetation.
Grassy Sands Hemmingsen named the area north of the Sandflats ‘Grassy Sands’. He mentions that trees had been cleared before he arrived at Beidaihe; the area was mostly grassy sand dunes, with meadows or shallow grassy ponds in late summer and early autumn. Among birds he notes as occurring, the flocks of Oriental White Storks Ciconia boyciana, cranes and Great Bustards Otis tarda are especially noteworthy; these no longer land in any numbers at Beidaihe (at least the cranes and bustards occur at the Luanhe estuary, parts of which are perhaps similar to the Grassy Sands of Hemming-sen’s time: see below, ‘Visits to other localities’).
我們保留了沙坪以北沿海地帶的名稱，該地帶以北戴河-秦皇島高速公路為西界。該地區包括一大片金合歡，以及一些較小的決明子種植園。以及相關的灌木叢和高草。看到了一些遷徙雀形目；似乎大多數食蟲動物都從這裡快速移動，大概是因為那裡的昆蟲相對較少；尤其是在秋天快結束的時候，可以看到成群的彩旗。
自 1985 年春季以來，該地區變化不大。
Henghe Reservoir
The small, shallow reservoir formed by the damming of the Henghe was little changed by 1986, as were its surrounds. The limited building work to the north of the reservoir was continuing, but pools and dried-out marshy areas still existed. The acacia thickets bordering the north side of the reservoir had grown considerably since spring 1985, making progress difficult. Similarly, the poplars and other vegetation along the south side also hindered progress. The reservoir itself, from approximately half-way along, was overgrown with reeds, which were systematically cut and dried by local people as the season progressed, to be even-tually used as fuel. Observations in the thickly vegetated areas were very hard, and no doubt many skulking rails and herons were missed.
水庫和周圍環境證明與 1985 年春季一樣好；看到的鳥類包括小燕鷗、鐵軌、尖嘴鶯和蝗蟲，以及少量的鴨子。猛禽經常獵殺鄰近的田地。金合歡灌木叢和灌木叢是鹀、鹀和鹀最喜歡出沒的地方，而蘆葦叢生的邊緣在 10 月下旬出現了一群酒喉鸚鵡 Para-doxornis webbianus。從水庫南緣延伸出來的稻田、沼澤地和河道基本上沒有受到干擾。
Fishponds now occupy a large part of the area south of the reservoir; more fishponds were built to the north of the reservoir in spring 1989. Plans for a migratory birds refuge occupying the reservoir and surrounds, the Sandflats and the Grassy Sands have been drawn up (see Ounsted 1990). As a result, in 1990 the Beidaihe government established a bird reserve in the southwestern part of the area; however, no funds for development were forthcoming, and in spring 1995 a road was being built through the ‘reserve’.
There is already a reserve, administered by the Qinhuangdao Forestry Bureau, extending northwards (to the southern limit of Qinhuangdao?) from around the northern boundary of the reservoir. This is more a tree plantation than a nature reserve: partly be-cause it is difficult to grow trees here, only one species of tree is grown. It is not espe-cially attractive to birds, though passage migrants occur, the small colony of Chinese Pond Herons Ardeola bacchus found in spring 1985 is in this reserve (though not in the same location; numbers have grown, and egrets may also nest), Black-naped Orioles Oriolus chinensis are common breeding birds and two or three Common Pheasants 雉雞 were seen in autumn 1988—though it is possible the latter were of captive origin, as there are captive birds at the reservoir.
Daihe (= Tai-Ho)
The Daihe flows to the sea just south of the town. The bridge which had allowed easy access to the southern shore, and thence to Tai-Ho Pool and the Yanghe, had been removed by August 1986, and work was just beginning on a new bridge. Getting across the river involved a cycle ride of several kilometres upstream, and then crossing by a makeshift ferry service. As a result of this inconvenience, and the construc-tion work which was underway, less observations were made at the Daihe and Yanghe estuaries in 1986 than in 1985. The Sandflats’ increased attractiveness to birds, and the virtual loss of Tai-Ho Pool, further decreased the incentive to make the somewhat arduous journey.
The vegetation along the Daihe was markedly similar to that of the Henghe Reservoir and Sandflats. Large tracts of reeds lined up-stream stretches, with large surrounding maize fields and small acacia thickets. Areas of glasswort and sea lavender lined the estu-ary mouth.
Tai-Ho (= Daihe) Pool In spring 1985, this small brackish pool was excellent for waders. But by autumn 1986 the channel connecting the pool to the sea had been dammed, and the pool had been landscaped into two fishponds which held very few birds. This was a great loss, both because the pool had been an en-joyable place to work, with very good views of birds present, and it was popular with such species as Long-toed Stints Calidris sub-minuta and Sharp-tailed Sandpipers Calidris acuminata which are not normally seen in numbers elsewhere.
Yanghe (= Yang-Ho) estuary and woods
The coastal strip between the Daihe and Yanghe was suffering at the hands of developers, as a new tourist resort, Nandaihe (= South of the Dai River) was under construction. The acacia woodlands were still relatively unscathed, although intensively managed and manicured by local people (who remove most dead material for use as fuel), which helped make birds highly elusive. Relatively few visits were made to the woods during autumn 1986; Spotted Bush-Warbler Bradypterus thoracicus and Grey-backed Thrush 溫室鶇 were noteworthy species seen here.
1986年，橫跨洋河口的大橋剛剛開工。與 1985 年春天一樣，事實證明，使用這個河口觀察鳥類很困難，因為該地區暴露在外，而且觀察遠處涉禽的光線通常很差。特別是在這個季節的早期，濱鳥和海鷗的數量普遍低於 Sandflats； Great Black-headed Gull Larus ichthyaetus 是一個值得注意的發現。到了深秋，洋河比沙坪更適合鴴鳥，沙坪可能沒有那麼吸引人了，因為大部分淤泥層都已經消失了。 11 月，大量黃眼金眼鮎經常出沒於河流和河口。
像鷂這樣的猛禽經常在附近的稻田和田野上捕食，部分原因是洋河地區地勢平坦，是觀察可見遷徙的好地方。該地區的稻田和沼澤地經常棲息著雛鳥、鶯和鹀；多次看到一隻漂亮的中國灰伯勞 Lanius sphe-nocercus。
到1988年秋，戴河和洋河大橋已經建成，一條公路從北戴河向南，沿著海岸，最終到達昌黎。南戴河的規模擴大了很多。洋河南岸有橋可通； 1987 年秋天，當水大部分被排乾時，這裡廣闊的魚塘可以容納海鷗和濱鳥，河邊形成的一條小河道經常容納桑德斯鷗 Larus saundersi 和遺鷗。
Lotus Hills
As in spring 1985, the bulk of the observations of visible migration were made from the Lotus Hills, which lie to the west of town and are 150-160 m high at most. However, when observers first visited the 1985 watchpoint, at the top of the easternmost hill, they were told to leave by soldiers (army training exercises are sometimes carried out on the southeastern flank of this hill). After briefly trying the highest of the Lotus Hills, which lacked a suitable vantage point (obser-vations from a hilltop pavilion were marred by trees partly blocking the view, and by num-bers of visitors), we began observations from a rocky knoll lying below, and to the west of, this main hill. This afforded excellent views to the south, across the plain to the west, and north to the mountains above Shanhaiguan, though the hill blocked much of the view to the east, towards the town and the sea. It was a pleasant place from which to watch birds—if a little exposed at times. It was a good vantage point for observing passing mi-grants, though views of those which passed to the east of the Lotus Hills (notably most of the cranes) were often poor.
這個有利位置周圍的主要植被是松樹，混合著較小的橡樹和櫻桃李屬植物。地面覆蓋物包括西方園丁熟悉的物種，如鳶尾 Iris sp.、黃花菜 Hemerocallis sp.。和野橙百日草 Zinnia sp.
In early autumn, large black and yellow spiders were remarkably abundant; it could seem their webs were strung between every tree away from the main paths.
尤其是在深秋，當地人會在樹林中尋找枯死的植物材料作為燃料。樹葉和枯枝被清掃，樹上枯死的樹枝被敲打看是否還活著，沒有就拔掉，我們甚至看到有人使勁搖晃松樹，然後把針葉掃起來。這無疑限制了該地區對野生動物的價值。
There were several small reservoirs and ponds in the foothills, which tended to differ from one another in their associated vegetation and the birds attracted to them. ‘Kingfisher Pond’, visible to the west of the watchpoint, was shallow and surrounded by willows and reeds—the Common Kingfisher 阿爾塞多·阿蒂斯 was the prominent species early in the survey period. ‘Osprey Pond’, below the watchpoint, to the north, was mainly used as a stock-watering and carp-raising pond: two Ospreys 鰍 which spent up to four weeks in the area were seen to ex-ploit this easy source of food. Mandarin Ducks 艾克斯 were seen at ‘Mandarin Pond’ and ‘Hidden Pond’. The former, near the bottom of a small valley to the south of the watchpoint, lacked any shoreline vege-tation whilst Hidden Pond was well-concealed by thick vegetation and overgrown orchards (it was only discovered after the bulk of the thrush and warbler migration was over).
There were old rice paddies and marshes below Mandarin Pond. Two Watercock 灰蠅 and a Schrenck’s Bittern 剛毛蟲 were notable in early September, Hobbies 隼 lingering around the hills were watched hunting here, and the paddies and the fringes of Mandarin Pond were popular with buntings in late autumn.
Orchards—both apple and pear—surrounded the northwestern slopes of the Lotus Hills. These were excellent for buntings, and for Siberian Accentors 夏枯草 late in the season.
At least five songbird-trapping sites were found. These were mostly in operation in October and November, when quarry species were Eurasian Siskins Carduelis spinus, Hawfinches Coccothraustes coccothraustes and Japanese Grosbeaks Eophona personata. There was also a hawk-trapping site, which was primarily operated in October and November; the quarry was young Northern Goshawks Accipiter gentilis (see below, ‘Hazards facing migrant birds at Beidaihe’).
Temple Gully (Hemmingsen’s name; the area had been called Lotus Hill Gully in spring 1985) runs from the Twin Bridges, past a small temple, and finishes below the gap between the highest and easternmost hills. It had changed little since spring 1985, and regularly produced White’s Thrush, and the autumn’s only Siberian Thrush Zoothera sibirica.
進入西山溝並不容易，因為西山旅館（1985年的探險基地）已經關閉，我們找到溝壑的唯一途徑是沿著寺廟溝下行，它“成為”西山溝的下游雙橋。溪谷的西側及其小徑和果園已被西山酒店接管，正在修建一堵牆以完成這種分離（用帶刺鐵絲網圍起來）並沿著溪流東岸。由於通道問題和持續的變化，很少有人到溝渠參觀。
To access the Lotus Hills, we used the entrance on the eastern flank of the highest hill, reached by a road leading up from the town. An entry fee was charged here (small by western standards), though we eventually persuaded the ticket collectors to let us in free (and anyway often arrived before they did).
到1988年秋，西山溝的圍牆已經完工，小路也已完工。另一個通往蓮花山的入口已經建成，就在西山旅館的上方，可以很容易地進入溝壑。觀察員在 1987、1988、1989 和 1990 年的晚秋使用了 1985 年春季的觀察點，結果證明它們對鶴類非常有用，儘管從岩石小丘上算出 har 和雀鳥等候鳥可能更好。
北戴河公園和園林管理局在西蓮花山建立了一個自然保護區——“百鳥公園”。
The Diplomatic Personnel Guest House, our base in autumn 1986, lies on the seafront, just to the north of Tiger Rocks. There are well-established pines and oaks scattered amongst the old villa-style gardens. There are trees and some dense vegetation in a small gully beside a pavilion, which was worked most days. Flycatchers and Phylloscopus warblers fed here, along with the occasional White’s Thrush, and a Large Hawk Cuckoo 杜鵑 was seen during 12-16 September.
Pines and Thiya at the western part of the hotel—both in and adjacent to the grounds—held a Long-eared Owl Asio otus roost towards the end of the survey, the highest count being 25 birds on 19 November.
方法
這些方法與 1985 年的調查（Williams 1986）相似，觀察（使用雙筒望遠鏡和望遠鏡）提供了數據收集的手段。調查中註意到的絕大多數路過移民都是在從合適的有利位置（尤其是蓮花山）進行長期觀察期間記錄下來的。每天對出現在代表北戴河及其周圍各種棲息地的地區的移民進行計數。
1986 年和 Earthwatch 的調查特別強調通過在城鎮西部邊緣的蓮花山的有利位置保持觀察來記錄活躍的遷徙鳥類。這是因為在北戴河記錄的路過候鳥總數可能很大，而且不同季節的結果比較相對簡單。
在其他調查期間，蓮花山觀察點也有很好的覆蓋，儘管這不太系統。
在 1986 年和 Earthwatch 調查期間，記錄了北戴河及其周邊地區的鳥類記錄。另外，記錄北戴河地區存在或遷徙的鳥類總數。
用於記錄過往移民的方法
The main locality for recording passing migrants was the Lotus Hills. In spring 1985, observations were made from the southeastern hill. This is a little lower than the ‘main’ hill, to the northwest, and views to the west and northwest are obscured. However, there are excellent views in other directions. Soon after members of the 1986 team began obser-vations began here in autumn 1986, they were waved away by soldiers (the watchpoint is near a military area). Other sites on the main hill were tried, but none proved satisfactory— trees obscured views and there were too many visitors, and a rocky outcrop west of the main hill was chosen as the watchpoint for much of the autumn. This is lower than the southeastern hill, and views to the east are poor as they are blocked by the main hill (most of Beidaihe cannot be seen), but views over the plain are excellent.
This outcrop proved a good vantage point, but in 1986 most cranes passed to the east of the Lotus Hills, with flocks disappearing be-hind the main hill for long periods, or only located as they appeared over the southern slope of the hill, often too distant for identifi-cation. Largely to obtain better views of the cranes (and possibly record more, and identify a higher proportion), observations were made from the southeastern hill in late autumn 1987, and during the Earthwatch surveys (there was no trouble from soldiers). The rocky outcrop was regularly used as a watchpoint in 1987 until 20 October and in 1988 to around mid-October, and occasionally thereafter; Hornskov (1989) considers it better than the southeast hill for recording migrating small passerines. It is probably also better for recording the birds which mainly pass over the plain, e.g. raptors and storks.
Greater care was taken with counts and es-timates of numbers of birds in flocks of cranes and storks than, say, Rooks 烏鴉 or Carrion Crows C. corone. Thus flocks of Rooks or Carrion Crows were typically ‘counted’ by one observer, who might make a fairly quick estimate of, say, 60 birds (perhaps by counting ten birds, then estimat-ing how many tens the flock contained), which was entered in the log.
Crane and stork flocks were often counted by more than one observer, the figures only being announced once all counts were complete. In some cases, perhaps after re-counts, the figures agreed exactly and were entered in the log. In others, a ‘best’ figure was chosen, or an average was entered. We found that counts might produce the same figure for even the larger flocks of cranes, perhaps with over 300 birds (the largest ‘flocks’ are usually groups of crane formations, each of which can be counted separately). This suggests that even the larg-est crane flocks can be counted accurately. Problems can arise, however, on ‘wave’ days, when flocks may pass in quick succession, not allowing time to repeat counts.
只要有可能，成群的鳥類利用熱量來增加高度並因此在遷徙過程中最大限度地減少能量消耗，因為它們“受熱”而沒有被計算在內，因為此時它們可能無法準確計算（起重機，鸛，猛禽，雨燕和烏鴉都以這種方式使用熱量）。如果這些鳥在它們被定位時處於熱氣流中，我們發現最好等到它們開始從熱氣流頂部起飛（就像猛禽那樣），或者在我們開始之前重新組合成鳥群隊形（例如鶴）數數。
為了通過在日誌中輸入從多個地點看到的相同鳥類的記錄，盡量減少對路過的大型鳥類（如鸛、鶴和猛禽）的過度記錄，比較了鳥類的數量、飛行路徑和時間。如果似乎從不止一個地方看到過鳥類，則日誌中只會記錄一次觀察結果。對於小型鳥類，尤其是雀形目鳥類，所有的觀察結果都被記錄下來，因為假設從沙坪看到的絕大多數與從蓮花山看到的不同。
在 1986 年和 Earthwatch 調查期間，日誌中輸入的總數只是所有計數的總和。在 1987 年和 1988 年 (Hornskov 1989)，如果認為這更好地反映了數字的真實準確性，總數會被任意向上或向下舍入，這可能主要來自近似計數，例如，總數 232 可能被向下舍入到230。
每日覆蓋程度的變化
以下因素影響了每日覆蓋的程度。
Number of observers The number of observers during the surveys fluctuated, ranging from one to ten or more (typically three to seven). The main periods with one observer were 8 September to 7 October 1988, 14-29 September 1989 and 19 August to 22 October 1990 (though, especially in 1990, there was some help from birdwatchers who visited during these periods), and the last ten days of November 1987.
Variation in weather and numbers of birds grounded or passing As in spring 1985, the weather was rarely solely responsible for affecting the degree of coverage of the area: there were a few days when heavy rain or snow prompted observers to shelter in hotel rooms (considerable migration was sometimes evident once the weather began clearing—i.e. a cold front was moving away to the east).
In 1986, the Lotus Hills observations were made daily, weather permitting. The watch-point was manned on a rota basis, with rarely less than two observers present; observation periods totalled 853.6 hours (2624 man-hours)—an average of around 9.25 hours per day. Initially, observations typically began by 07h30; the starting time became earlier as Pied Harriers Circus melanoleucos could be passing in numbers soon after dawn, and sev-eral watches in September began at 06h30 (Beijing summer time; just before sunrise).
The observations typically ended by 15h00-16h00 (rarely 12h00-13h00 on very quiet days), once continuing to 18h40 (on 12 September, a day of heavy migration). Later in the autumn, observations tended to start and finish later (often 06h30-07h00 to 16h00-17h00, winter time: China has since abandoned summer time). This was because fewer birds were passing in the early morn-ing, and cranes, especially, were mainly seen in the afternoon. Again, observations were cut short if there was very little passing, prolonged if there was heavy migration, and began earlier than normal if the weather seemed promising.
Lotus Hills observations during the Earthwatch surveys roughly followed the late autumn pattern, though were more likely to be abandoned if little was passing and conditions were not promising, and there were no observations at Beidaihe on a few days when other localities were visited (on all these days, the weather seemed poor for migration).
結果
1986年秋遷徙時間
馬丁·威廉姆斯
每次秋季調查記錄的遷徙時間大致相似。以下說明基於 1986 年秋季的調查，並指出了隨著秋天的進行而看到的鳥類。 （另見附錄。）
During the initial part of the survey, in late August, the daily maximum temperature re-mained at around 30°C (the range was 28.5-33°C), and minimum temperatures were be-tween 21.2 and 24°C.
Shorebirds are among the earliest autumn migrants at Beidaihe (the records of La Touche 1920, 1921 and Hemmingsen and Guildal 1968 suggest that the peak of autumn shorebird migration at Beidaihe occurs around the end of July and early August), and occurred in numbers, with over 2000 individuals of 34 species recorded on the 27th.
White-winged Terns Chlidonias leucopterus were also common, the maximum count being 900 on 30 August (Hemmingsen had noted ‘countless numbers’ passing down the coast as early as the end of June). Over 9000 Pacific Swifts 太平洋鴨 were logged between 20 August and the end of the month, almost half this total passing in just two hours in the afternoon of the 30th.
The survey’s first Relict Gull 遺鷗—and the only adult of this species seen during the autumn—was at the Sandflats on 23 August.
Arctic Warblers 北方柳鶯, Yellow-rumped Flycatchers 花斑鰍, Sooty Flycatchers 西伯利亞鷙, Grey-streaked Flycatchers M. griseisticta and Asian Paradise Flycatchers 天堂神龜 were among the early passerine migrants.
Counts of passing migrants were rewarding during the first half of September, when nota-ble totals included 2874 Pied Harriers 黑馬戲團 and 170 White-throated Needletails 尾犀 on 10th, and 170 Crested Honey-Buzzards Pernis pti-lorhyncus orientalis, 2957 Pied Harriers, 152 Japanese Sparrowhawks 紅鷹 and 915 Oriental Pratincoles 馬爾迪瓦格萊烏拉 on 12th. In the early mornings, actively migrating passerines were evident, with counts including 483 Richard’s Pipits Anthus richardi on 13th, 1438 Yellow Wagtails 黃鰍 on 6th and 189 Chinese
Grosbeaks (Yellow-billed Grosbeaks) 飛鸛 on 7 September.
The variety of passerines increased as September progressed, with the first sightings of species such as the Siberian Rubythroat 卡利奧佩鶇, the Red-flanked Bluetail (Orange-flanked Bush-Robin) 眼鏡猴, the Chestnut-eared Bunting Emberiza fucata and the Black-faced Bunting E. spodocephala during the second half of the month. There were two first-winter Relict Gulls at the Sandflats on 8 September; sightings of first-winter birds were to continue to the end of the survey.
For much of the period between mid-September and the second week of October the weather was stable (anticyclonic) and observations from the Lotus Hills were rather unproductive.
Songbird movements continued, e.g. 238 Olive-backed Pipits 紅花 were logged on 24 September and 951 Chestnut-flanked White-eyes 紅胸大葉藻 headed south on 20 September, and there were good numbers of Barn Swallows 燕雀 and Red-rumped Swallows H. daurica, with totals of over 950 and 2700, respectively, on 4 October. However, the numbers of raptors were generally disappointing, the highest tally being 500 Pied Harriers on 20 September.
On 23 September, 3504 Grey-headed Lapwings 灰白雲螺 were recorded from the watchpoint.
A sizeable influx of Radde’s Warblers Phylloscopus schwarzi was noted on 28 September, when 159 were recorded. Though this was the main species involved in the ‘fall’, there were good numbers of other grounded passerines, including six Siberian Rubythroats, eight Bluethroats 斯維西絲蟲, five White’s Thrushes (Scaly Thushes) 道馬獸, 28 Lanceolated Warblers 披針蝗, 114 Yellow-browed Warblers (Inornate Warblers) Phylloscopus inornatus, 21 Red-throated Flycatchers Ficedula (parva) albicilla and 209 Black-faced Buntings.
A cold front moved eastwards over Beidaihe late on 9 October, and there was a flurry of migration the next day, when 146 Grey Herons 灰鷺, 160 Purple Herons 紫花獼猴桃 and 16 species of raptors—including 56 Northern Goshawks 龍鷹, 319 Common Buzzards 鵟 and five Greater Spotted Eagles 天鷹—moved south.
From this date to the end of the survey period, the weather reverted to the periodicity which appears typical of northeast China (Hemmingsen 1951), and successive arrivals of northerly air-streams, usually preceded by cold fronts, stimulated further ‘waves’ of migration. Cranes and geese began to occur in some numbers, and Upland Buzzards 鵟 were fairly common, the maximum count being 102 on 28 October.
The first large Oriental White Stork 白鸛 flock—numbering ca. 280 birds (over one-quarter of the known world population prior to the survey)—was seen at dusk on 29 Oc-tober.
The highest day totals of Common Cranes Grus grus and Hooded Cranes G. monacha—1269 and 438, respectively—were logged on 5 November. The next day, Oriental White Stork numbers peaked, with a total of 742 resulting from just three sightings (flocks of ca. 360 and ca. 380, and two).
整體遷移在 11 月顯著下降，當時大多數冬季遊客已經定居。後期記錄包括 11 月 17 日的一隻紅喉鶲。
The Henghe Reservoir and the Sandflats were largely frozen over on 16 November, by which date there were relatively low numbers of passing birds, even on days with apparently good migration weather. Goosander (Common Mergansers) 秋沙鴨 were the last of the waterfowl to occur in numbers; 400 were recorded from the Lotus Hills watchpoint in the last week of the survey. Red-crowned Cranes 日本鶴, which seem to be the most cold tolerant members of the genus to pass Beidaihe, continued to occur in small numbers, and the peak count of Great Bustards 奧蒂斯·塔爾達—70 birds—was made on 17 November.
移民經過北戴河的路線觀察
馬丁·威廉姆斯
觀察到經過北戴河的遷徙者大多順著海岸的走向——即從東北向西南方向飛去。許多飛機飛越該鎮，而不是繞著北戴河佔據的大致呈三角形的岬角飛行。
La Touche (1914) 也發現鳥類在秋季傾向於跟隨海岸：“飛向南方的鳥類通常會跟隨海岸線，白天可以觀察到許多物種，繞過海岸或從頭頂飛過，或者在清王濤上空[= 秦皇島] 或不遠的內陸。 Wilder (1924a) 觀察到較小的鳥類“穿越[渤海]海灣”，並提出：“它們的遷徙路線可能只是大致沿著中國海岸，通過飛行而不是繞過海灣來切斷海灣，因為水禽似乎是這樣，所以它們的飛行路線是西南。他說，La Touche 還發現較小的鳥類穿過海灣，但 La Touche 似乎只是在春天才發現這種情況（La Touche 1914）。從我們的觀察來看，從海灣對岸飛來的鳥類——可能包括猛禽、鶴等，以及雀形目——可能只是從山海關附近抄近路，跨海到北戴河，而不是跟隨海岸的曲線。雷達研究將有助於確定鳥類穿過該地區的路線，並顯示鳥類遷徙集中在北戴河的程度。
濱鳥和燕鷗是鳥類在北戴河上抄近路的典型例子。從對沙坪的觀察（很少有人從蓮花山看到，因為它們向東過遠），他們似乎傾向於沿著海岸到達沙坪，然後越過北戴河，然後繼續沿著海岸前進。
起重機也主要通過北戴河，甚至出海。 1986 年記錄路線的 4779 台起重機中，約有 3091 台（65%）從蓮花山以東經過（這讓觀察者非常沮喪，因為最高的蓮花山嚴重限制了從這個方向觀察的視線） 1986 年觀察點）。雖然在晚秋沒有記錄路線，但大多數鶴再次飛到觀察點的東邊。這與春天形成鮮明對比，春天似乎有鳥類飛越平原的趨勢，這也許是 Hem-mingsen 秋季鶴的總數大大超過春季總數的原因。較大的鳥群特別容易越過城鎮或海洋，這可能是因為它們由習慣沿著海岸旅行的鳥類帶領（較小的鳥群，因為它們的鳥類較少，不太可能有“老手”）。
與鶴相反，大多數東方白鸛飛越北戴河平原內陸：1986 年記錄路線的 2358 隻鳥中有 1565 只（66%）飛越蓮花山以西。黑鸛飛過平原的密度甚至更高；在北戴河以西可以看到幾隻鳥群（即使通過望遠鏡也能看到很遠的地方）：這可能反映了該物種喜歡在山區以及低地和濕地棲息，這些地方可能是東方鳥類首選的棲息地白鸛。
Raptors also mainly passed over the plain, though their routes were perhaps affected more by wind direction than those of the above species. Northwest winds were usually the most productive for raptors, suggesting that the birds had been drifted eastwards from a more typical route to the west of Beidaihe.
Further evidence for a more westerly route is provided by occasional observations at Shanhaiguan, ca. 30 km north of Beidaihe. Raptors—and Black Storks—have been noted passing in fair numbers over the mountains east of Shanhaiguan on days when little migration was evident at Beidaihe, or the weather conditions were much as on very quiet days for migration at Beidaihe (see ‘Visits to other localities’).
There was perhaps a tendency for raptors to pass over the town and the Lotus Hills more in the morning than the afternoon, when the main route was over the plain: e.g. on 11 October 1988, when ca. 1100 Common Buzzards were logged, birds passed over the town and Lotus Hills in the morning, the route was roughly centred over the Lotus Hills by midday, and birds seen in mid afternoon were mostly passing well to the west. This may result from thermal developments during the day. So, presumably, does the tendency for raptors to be lower during early morning than around mid morning to early afternoon, when Pied Harriers, especially, were sometimes so high that they could only be detected with binoculars.
Small passerines migrated over a broad front, overflying Beidaihe (the Sandflats was a good locality for recording early-morning passerine movements) and the plain, though there were no records of any numbers pass-ing over the sea east of town. As with several other birds, it appeared there was a tendency for them to arrive from over the sea to the east of town, and fly westwards or southwest-wards overland. This may reflect the use of the Beidaihe headland, and especially the Lotus Hills, as landmarks in an otherwise flat coastline. As noted above, the rocky outcrop at the Lotus Hills may be a better watchpoint for recording actively-migrating small passerines than the southeastern hill.
The passerine migration on a given day may not be over a broad front, and there may be great differences in numbers recorded at different localities. Good examples are 11 October 1988, when 2715 Chinese Penduline Tits Remiz pendulinus were recorded from Daihe, yet only 50 from the Lotus Hills, and 13 October 1988, when 4500 Northern Skylarks 阿勞達阿文西斯 were recorded from Daihe, and only 144 from the Lotus Hills. The wind was force four to five on both these days, northwest to west on 11th and westerly on 13 October, and the birds may have been flying low as a result (substantial numbers of actively migrating small passerines have been recorded from the Lotus Hills on other days).
天氣與遷徙之間的相關性
馬丁·威廉姆斯
Hemmingsen（1951）指出，在中國北方，氣溫和氣壓等天氣變量呈現週期性波動，典型的變量高低間隔為 5 到 7 天。在北戴河看到的候鳥數量在很大程度上取決於天氣的這些波動，一些鳥類，例如鶴，顯然已經進化出候鳥策略，即等待最佳候鳥條件，然後再開始經過北戴河的旅程。
這些最佳條件通常包括帶有偏北成分的風，尤其是在冷鋒向東經過該地區之後，並且可能導致壯觀的可見遷徙“浪潮”。
數千或數万隻鳥類也可能出現在“墜落”期間——停飛的候鳥抵達，通常很少有可見的遷徙。這些下降顯然主要與氣壓下降同時發生。
The periodic changes in weather thus serve to stimulate migration, and migration waves and influxes are fairly frequent, though may differ strongly in the numbers of birds in-volved. However, stable, anticylonic weather can result in little evident migration, even though skies are normally clear (i.e. birds would not experience navigation problems). It may be that this is partly because winds are light and variable, and birds prefer to wait for a wind with a more consistent northerly component; also, the typically warm weather during these conditions will help ensure that food is still available.
Weather stimulating migration waves
As mentioned, waves of visible migration were sometimes noted after the passage of cold fronts—i.e. in classic autumn migration weather (Elkins 1983). Typically, it becomes increasingly hazy prior to the arrival of a front, it may be warm, and there is little mi-gration (there may be good numbers of grounded birds; see below). The arrival of the front is marked by the sky becoming overcast and, as the front passes over, heavy rain or snow may fall, and the wind swings towards west to north, and becomes fresh or strong. The rain or snow eventually eases, and the visibility becomes good or very good, and the sky eventually clears (sometimes, the wind may not freshen until the cloud has passed to the east).
An excellent example of a cold front which stimulated a migration wave passed Beidaihe during 14th and 15 October 1989. The front arrived late on 14th, and it was raining, with a fresh north wind, in the early morning of 15th. Observations from the Jin Shan Hotel, eastern Beidaihe, produced over 200 unidentified ducks heading south over the sea, but few other passing migrants while it was raining. However, as soon as the rain eased at around 09h00, Grey Heron migration was evident; 1417 were recorded by observers at the east coast of Beidaihe from this time to 11h30. Two White Spoonbills 白樺 and 135 Great Cormorants 碳鸕鶿 were also of note during the morning. There was something of a lull around midday, but with the sky clearing and the wind from the north (cold), the afternoon produced most of the day’s totals of 21 Black Storks 黑鸛, 26 Eurasian Sparrowhawks 鷹, 26 Northern Goshawks A. gentilis, 427 Common Buzzards 鵟, 1167 Daurian Jackdaws 烏鴉 and 2693 Rooks 烏鴉 or Carrion Crows C. corone.
The following day, the wind remained northerly, fresh, in the early morning (became light by 08h00, and westerly from mid-morning onwards), the sky was clear, and the wave continued, with 52 Eurasian Sparrowhawks, 41 Northern Goshawks, 740 Common Buz-zards, three Saker Falcons 法爾科·切魯格, 33 Great Bustards and 2303 Rooks or Carrion Crows.
Another cold front arrived on 7/8 November 1990. It cleared Beidaihe by dawn on 9 November; during the day, the sky was clear, the visibility excellent, and the wind moderate north-northeast in the early morn-ing, becoming northwest by mid-morning, and westerly by mid-afternoon. The day was especially notable for birds of prey, with 13 species including three White-tailed Eagles 白鯨, six Eurasian Black Vultures 埃及斑蚊 (in a party, flying north), 190 Upland Buzzards, four Rough-legged Buzzards Buteo lagopus, one Greater Spotted Eagle, one Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis and one Imperial Eagle 天鷹. There were also 135 Oriental White Storks, four Black Storks Ciconia nigra, 491 Common Cranes (441 were seen from 15h00-17h00), ten Red-crowned Cranes and 14 Great Bustards.
第二天，天空再次晴朗，起初吹東北風。但是風很快變小了，在 10 點之後變了，到中午變成了南風，到那時只看到相當少的候鳥；僅有的起重機是 20 只 Commons 和 5 隻身份不明的起重機。
但是，在 28 只普通鶴向北飛後不久，一群 85 只普通鶴在 12 點 40 分向南飛，這標誌著近年來最好的鶴通道的開始（看到鳥類都向南飛）。當天的鶴類總數為 2728 只普通鶴、328 隻白頭鶴、135 只丹頂鶴和 111 只西伯利亞鶴、6 隻白枕鶴和 396 隻身份不明的鶴。
A third example of a cold front stimulating migration is one which passed Beidaihe over 13th and 14 November 1986, clearing the area by the morning of 14th. Though rather late in the autumn, 14 November produced a fair migration wave, with totals including 277 Oriental White Storks, 43 Upland Buzzards Buteo hemilasius, three White-tailed Eagles 白鯨, 111 Common and 61 Red-crowned Cranes, 31 Great Bustards, 344 Daurian Jackdaws and 1042 Rooks or Carrion Crows.
Hemmingsen 的記錄表明，他在冷鋒過後觀察到類似的遷徙浪潮，例如“1943 年秋天的大鵝高潮”[ca. 2400隻鵝；也約1000 只鶴] 是在一場強烈的東方風暴之後來的，它帶來了溫度下降，但在最大遷徙的那天，天氣平靜，因此顯得溫和。 （海明森 1951 年）。
Fast moving cold fronts as on 14/15 October 1989, 7-9 November 1990 and 13/14 November 1986 mainly occur in late autumn, from mid-October onwards (they may move from northwest China to the southeast of the country in only two or three days). They are not the only weather features to give rise to substantial migration wave conditions at Beidaihe, though it appears waves mostly occur as the air pressure rises, i.e. on the eastern flanks of high pressure cells, where winds have a northerly component (the opposite of the case in spring, when migration waves are associated with the western flanks of high pressure cells).
An example is the wave on 12 September 1986, when totals in-cluded 2957 Pied Harriers, 152 Japanese Sparrowhawks and 915 Oriental Pratincoles. Though no active front was noted, weather conditions were as for the arrival of a high pressure cell: the air pressure rose from 11th to 12 September; the minimum temperature fell from 22°C over 10-11 September to 15°C over 11th-12th; visibility improved from less than 8 km with increasing haze on 11th to over 15 km on 12th; the sky was partly cloudy on 11th, clear on 12th. The wind on 12th was northwesterly, force 2, in the early morning and became westerly, force 2, for much of the day from mid morning onwards.
A wave similarly occurred with rising air pressure on 29 October 1986, when totals included 359 Oriental White Storks, 590 Bean Geese, two White-tailed Eagles, 412 Common, 35 Red-crowned, nine Hooded, two White-naped and 49 Siberian Cranes and 13 Great Bustards. Though the weather remained fine the next day, the wind was southwest from mid-morning onwards, becoming force four to five by early afternoon, and little mi-gration was evident, with totals of just three Oriental White Storks, three Bean Geese and 11 Common Cranes (no White-tailed Eagles or cranes other than Common). The weather synopsis for this day is much as for crane wave days in spring, so the low numbers of migrants presumably reflect the strong influence of wind direction on crane migration.
通常在有浪的日子裡，天空晴朗或部分多雲，沒有下雨。但是，尤其是水禽，可能會在下雨時大量通過（與大多數陸地鳥類相比，它們的隔熱性更好，因此熱損失更少）。最顯著的例子是 1987 年 10 月 29 日的一波鵝、鴨和涉禽，當時總數包括 2150 只豆鵝和 10,500 只北方田鳧 Vanellus vanellus。清晨陰雲密布，風平浪靜； 07 點 30 分左右刮起東北風，9 點左右開始下雨，一直持續到 15 點 30 分。雖然早上有一些遷徙，但直到 11 點左右，鳥類才開始大量飛過，大群大雁和北方田鳧在北戴河南部海岸上空向西南方向飛去（大部分是在外交人員招待所看到的） ).
我們發現，與 1986 年 10 月 30 日一樣，吹西南風的日子幾乎沒有出現可見的遷移。這與獵鷹者告訴 Hemmingsen (1951) 的觀點一致，在有西南風的日子裡很少有鳥飛過。
我們採訪過一位獵鷹人，他說西北風最適合北戴河的猛禽遷徙，這與我們的觀察結果一致。這種風會刺激遷移，因為它們在遷移方向上有一個組成部分；如上所述，它們可能會在北戴河產生最多的猛禽，因為西部的成分將鳥類從更西的路線向東漂移。我們的觀察表明，鶴，也許還有東方白鸛、鵝和其他鳥類，更喜歡東北風——即靠近或恰好位於遷徙方向的風。
The weather which prompts visible migration may result in large ‘clearouts’ of migrants present in the area, which can be all the more obvious as there may be falls as cold fronts approach (see below). A good example was 15 October 1989, when, although attention largely focussed on visible migration, there were no records of Red-flanked Bluetails (37 were logged on 14th), only one Black-browed Reed Warbler 雙三頭尖頭魚 (26 on 14th) and no Dusky Warblers 黑毛柳鷸 (13 on 14th). Several species had been fairly common before this date, but were recorded in far smaller numbers afterwards, e.g. the Black-browed Reed Warbler, the Radde’s Warbler, the Red-throated Flycatcher and the Chestnut-flanked White-eye.
Falls ie influxes of migrants
Weather leading to influxes Influxes of migrants appear to mainly coincide with falling, or low, air pressure (low pressure tends to inhibit migration: Nisbet and Drury 1968), sometimes as a cold front approaches. Though it may not rain, or even become cloudy, when the pressure falls, the visibility falls as the air becomes increasingly hazy (humidity is inversely correlated with air pressure).
There was a substantial fall as the 15 October 1989 cold front approached. Numbers included 68 Red-flanked Bluetails, 35 Black-browed Reed, 45 Dusky and 18 Radde’s Warblers and 395 Pallas’s Leaf-Warblers 柳鶯 on 13 October.
Other falls associated with low pressure in 1989 included 210 Red-flanked Bluetails and 285 Pallas’s Reed-Buntings 帕拉西鰍 on 24 October and 80 Red-flanked Bluetails, 148 Dusky Thrushes 鶇, 302 Rustic Buntings 黃鸝 and 290 Yellow-throated Buntings 線蟲 on 27 October.
Hemmingsen (1951) apparently also recorded falls of migrants as fronts approached: ‘Days marked down as special “migration days” were e.g. 11th September and again 5th October and both these occurred before a storm from E or NE.’
The largest documented fall at Beidaihe was observed by Wilder and Hubbard. Wilder (1924b) rather casually relates that ‘On September 10 the Siberian blue chat [= Siberian Blue Robin] (Larvivore cyane [= 藍絲蟲]) was in the fields and on the grassy hillside among the small pines in thousands, and the brown flycatcher (麻鷸) in almost equal numbers. The next morning the former but not the latter had all disappeared, and other forms had come in on the wings of a rainy northeaster.’ It may well be that this is another example of a fall as a cold front (the ‘rainy northeaster’) approaches, and the passage of the front prompted the departure of the Siberian Blue Robins.
An influx of ducks followed the passage of the front: ‘Green wing teal [Common Teal Anas crecca], pintail [A. acuta] and other ducks were in great numbers on the 12th at Peitaiho.’
The largest duck influx of recent autumns coincided with the passage of a cold front: Sleet and snow fell as the front moved over during the morning of 27 October 1986, and in the afternoon ducks on the sea off Eagle Rock included 2140 Common Teal, 222 Gadwall 斑鴨, 25 Eurasian Wigeon A. penelope and 90 Northern Shoveler 瓢蟲.
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