- 這個話題是空的。
- 文章
在青海省發現一隻死斑頭雁（去年春天，青海省爆發了大規模的斑頭雁，導致數千隻野生鳥類死亡），引發了許多問題。
一種可能性（尚未得到證實）是，這可能與人工飼養的水鳥有關。
然後，國際鳥類聯盟的理查德·托馬斯提出了各種問題：
引用：在第一份報告一年後，青海再次發現 H5N1 確實令人著迷，並引發了許多問題。它回顧了2004年1月拉薩家禽市場的兩次疫情，以及一年多後的2005年8月再次爆發的疫情。 [事實上，根據 ProMed 的報導，糧農組織將第二次疫情追溯到該市的一家商業家禽工廠]。
找出涉及哪種菌株？鑑於蘭州距離
青海，還有蘭州在絲路的關鍵位置，我非常喜歡
如果菌株不是青海菌株，我會感到驚訝，但那就好
確認這一點。2004年疫情爆發後，蘭州做了哪些「清理」工作
回到那裡，為什麼它在 2005 年（再次）失敗了（或者這座城市保留了
生產受感染的家禽/動物飼料 20 個月）？有沒有
家禽和雞糞動物的限制
同時，來自蘭州的飼料/化肥運輸，特別是
沿鐵路線向東歐出口？2006年斑頭雁感染病毒是因為它在
從2005年開始，蘭州重新供應到環境中
環境（例如受感染的雞糞動物
那裡生產的飼料/肥料），或者是因為那裡持續存在的感染
野生鳥類族群？ [我們知道死鵝是否真的有
病毒，還是它的抗體？如果是後者，他們可能是倖存者
2005年因其他原因死亡]。這麼多問題……我確信有人至少能回答其中一些問題。
更新，2022 年 7 月 8 日：野鳥從鄱陽攜帶禽流感到青海，這似乎總是胡說八道；來自那些了解病毒但對野生鳥類一無所知的人。我發現了一篇關於鄱陽鴨子遷徙研究的論文（在那裡的冬天過後）；摘要包括：
//這些野鴨（不包括留鳥綠頭鴨和中華斑嘴鴨）沿著東亞遷徙路線沿著海岸到達中國北部、蒙古東部和俄羅斯東部的繁殖區。沒有一隻向西遷徙到青海湖（最大的野生鳥類流行病發生地），因此未能證明與中亞遷徙路線有任何遷徙聯繫。新開發的布朗橋空間分析表明，飛道中報告的 HPAI H5N1 疫情與緯度和家禽密度有關，但與核心遷徙走廊或濕地棲息地無關。此外，我們發現爆發時間和野鴨移動之間存在時間不匹配。 //
東亞遷徙路線中水鳥的遷徙及其與 HPAI H5N1 疫情的空間關係令人費解的是——在沒有證據表明斑頭雁的越冬地存在 H5N1 病毒——以及令人不安的報告：
引用：農業部週五證實，中國西北部青海省偏遠地區又發生一起野生鳥類爆發禽流感病例。4月23日，玉樹縣濕地發現17隻斑頭雁死亡。
該部門在網站上表示，截至週四，死亡野生鳥類數量已上升至125只，其中123只斑頭雁。
國家禽流感實驗室週三證實，死禽檢測結果呈現 H5N1 株陽性，這是一種高度傳染性的病毒株，已導致該國 12 人死亡。
疫情發生地屬高寒地區，距離省會西寧、青海湖800多公里，是大量候鳥的重要棲息地。
最近的人類居住區玉樹縣城距離也有60多公里。
該縣人口稀少，附近無家禽飼養。
全省家禽未發生禽流感疫情。
該部表示，該省獸醫部門已對該地區進行了消毒，並正在密切關注任何新病例。
附近的牲畜已被轉移到遠離疫情地點的夏季牧場。
當地政府要求當地牧民與死鳥保持距離，以防止病毒感染人類。
這是上週六剛察縣發現一隻死斑頭雁攜帶致命病毒後一個月內該省發現的第二起病例。
http://www.xnyts.com/qinhai/tra6-7/tra7yes23.htm
“野生動物——斑頭雁”顏眼，Ap 組。青藏高原海拔
2000-4000公尺的湖岸及河島懸崖
人類的居住地，棕色的天空，以及每個村民的命運之後
明顯的“U”形黑色帶狀條紋，故稱“半頭眼”。 【斑頭雁，成群結隊？到
夏侯鳥每年從南方遷移到三月中旬，越冬
南方的季節又回來了。青海湖釣到此鳥較多
半頭岩吊刀人工孵化管理中心已建成
成功的。它們的性子比較溫順，大小圖鵝蛋，
葷菜裡，落著巨大的、不規則的蘆葦和藻類、浮游生物。注意這裡——最後一段——重新污染等。
這裡確實可能存在問題，一旦 H5N1 通過家禽貿易（合法和/或走私）進入該地區，就會帶來麻煩。尤其是家禽養殖似乎在同一個地方。http://academy2003.cpst.net.cn/popul/farms/gradn/artic/50119122108.html
“板頭岩科技休息期”板頭岩雖然飼養簡單，養殖利潤較高，但養殖利潤較低
繁殖率，鋪設時間短，因此如何延長
非產蛋季節允許的時期如何降低成本
獲得關鍵的高額利潤。接下來板頭岩將關閉圍產養殖
方法介紹給讀者。1. 給水抗旱 雖然地表可以
透過飼養板頭岩減少了清潔工作量，但會導致
水體污染，夏季水體變暗秋季放壞
異味，嚴重影響半頭眼的健康。因此，在七月排
擦乾產後水，將池塘清洗消毒，然後
板頭岩適宜的魚、水生菜等
消耗。這時，半頭眼更多的陰涼轉移到
旱地耕種可以雅舍（切到側翼），2000年1月2日
一個月前的大雁和雞，然後是野外
鵝併入水。2. 停止照明，預計一般會遊覽綠半頭岩
從 12 月開始，需要額外的光線來刺激它們
雞，但這應該停止對產後的照明，
產婦或不准阻止其春天。此外，期間
斷斷續續，防止半頭眼肥胖可餵料上
綠色環保，節省飼料成本。應有條件安排
秋季和牧場種植。3.對於每個品種，節省飼料 使用半頭岩允許3-6個月
僅在年度中，其他類型的特徵為月份，
當最後一批蛋產完，大雁又起飛，離開
部分高產量、優質的大雁，當全部
商品應顏賣。去年四月底的時候小燕
孵化損失，選用好的小燕當生長時
落雁後保留9-10個月至2年
春天，當這些半頭燕性成熟並開始產蛋時。
小燕因母雞全部使用野生肉質而損失慘重
鵝和雞一半用作飼料，因此顯著
節省飼料。4.身體健康，打疫苗板頭眼雖多
抗病，病害少，但貓，環境嚴重
污染、免疫力下降、家禽交叉感染
顯著增加發生率，因此應該
關閉了疫苗接種。根據主要疫苗接種亞文介紹，
霍亂二苗、大腸桿菌疫苗等幾種主要疫苗。顏好
保健的同時也要定期採摘消毒。使用面
培養，還要在夏季留出，並除去土壤水分
糞便、水庫進行消毒。報告中也包括斑頭鵝養殖/人工飼養。
再次注意養雞業——這裡大幅增長，因此可能對其他地方的雞有需求。http://www.qh.xinhuanet.com/qztlw/2006-04/25/content_6840932.htm
“拉薩市抓住機會發展鐵路產業”今年拉薩市農牧業經濟
畜牧園區聚焦，把握歷史機會開放
青藏鐵路，將進一步優化產業結構
結構上，大力發展畜牧園區產業。
…
大力發展農村及城郊畜牧業
農業。進一步加速乳牛養殖基地建設
鞏固現有乳牛養殖基地，完成更多
進口優質乳牛2000多頭。完成「雙
百人」養殖基地建設，即：6,672張就業卡、林
週100萬隻有西藏拉薩兩縣的白雞
雞規模養殖基地和億隻雞基地。長的
自己在城關區曲水大字沙生豬養殖基地
建設完成10萬隻羊單位短育肥牛。
發展曲水縣水產養殖及其他水產養殖業
板頭岩6672卡縣興建蛋雞養殖基地[=斑頭雁]
養殖基地、利用當地水庫、濕地開發
漁業和養殖業。拉薩養蜂業的發展
曲水縣示範戶50戶。所選資訊的一些人工翻譯：
1 《拉薩市抓住鐵路產業發展機會》 2006-04-25 為配合西藏鐵路通車帶動畜牧業發展，BHG在擁有濕地和濕地的貢卡縣建立了養殖基地（家禽/雞蛋）水庫也適合水產養殖。
2 「200隻半頭岩回歸自然」 昨天（2005年8月29日）拉魯濕地放生200隻BHG http://tinyurl.com/ogoo2此舉旨在提高人們對自然重要性和自然和諧的認識，並提高拉魯縣的可持續發展水平。這些鳥在拉薩飼養，由公司免費贈送，以紀念拉魯國家保護區的開放。
3「中國首次人工繁殖野生板頭岩成功」 中國首次人工飼養板頭岩，南方山區300隻。當地畜牧局局長王懷廷稱，牧民在羊卓雍措湖（三大聖湖之一）附近撿到了300多個廢棄雞蛋。
success rate was 99% and 100% reached maturity. They now weigh over 2kg. Numbers have dropped in wild because of environmental degradation, only remaining site is Yamzho Yumco where there are 30,000 birds. Wang said after they have bred on large scale some will be released in wild, this year (2003) local authority plans to build a three mln yuan (£200,000) (this is not 300 mln yuan!) wild BHG breeding centre based entirely on habitat of wild birds. (Implies that birds will also be bred for meat/eggs).
info from US based researcher and analyst:
In Thaliand, link shown between free-grazing domestic ducks and H5N1 distribution (more where free-grazing ducks present; however, with control measures, appeared H5N1 died out in duck flocks too).
http://www.cdc.gov/Ncidod/EID/vol12no02/05-0640.htmInteresting, then, that China is using troops of ducks to devour locusts on grasslands in northwest [Xinjiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia].
Duck patrol advances on China’s locusts國際鳥盟的理查德·托馬斯 (Richard Thomas) 表示：
Another batch of Bar-headed Geese farming summaries.
It’s very interesting that the artificial breeding programme at Qinghai
Lake has partly changed the species’s migratory habits – it means the
practice must have been taking place for some time; I wonder how it’s
changed their habits precisely. It’d be interesting to know what the
birds are fed on as well: animal feed from the Lanzhou factory
perhaps?!?8 http://www.chinabreed.com/special/205/2006/02/2006022342677.shtml
“Ngan and management of domesticate”This is a relatively detailed analysis of benefits of BHG
meat/eggs/breeding methods, here is just an outline – Meat protein
content 20.98% which higher than chicken/beef/pork, eggs can be cooked
in various ways, feathers can be used for shuttlecocks, down for
clothing, meat for medicine, can treat cancer (!!!). Behaviour
migratory (doesn’t say if this a problem in domesticating them), pair
for life, docile, vegetarian, disease resistant, lay 7-25 eggs, take 31
days to hatch, m/f hatch in equal numbers when artificially reared, lay
after 10 days, one every 2/3 days, lay about 15 in first year, increases
up to 25 in years 2-6. Artificial incubator best, 38-38.5C, gives
details, also of coop (other article said can be bred outside), food.
Best sold at over 60 days old…9 http://www.nj.qhei.gov.cn/gyly/ysdw-02.shtml
“Bantouyan”An artificial hatching centre and semi-underground viewing room has been
built at Qinghai lake, artificial rearing has partly changed their
migratory behaviour.10
http://xzb.sh.gov.cn/node2/node4/node181/node209/node214/userobject1ai22
934.html
“Tibetan Nagqu artificial domesticated wild Bantouyan success”Following the success in Shannan (southern mountains, ie Yamzho Yumco
Lake, abt 100 km S of Lhasa) there is now good news from Xainza county,
Nagqu prefecture (about 300 km NE of Lhasa), 500 BHGs have been bred
successfully, have met market demand. They are being exploited
reasonably, protecting a natural resource, great step forward for
adjustments in husbandry.again from Richard Thomas:
"Bantouyan off off period for technology"
This article stresses the probs of domesticating Bar-headed Geese. Although rearing BHG is simple and profits are high, they breed slowly, have a short laying period, so extending laying period and cutting costs in non-laying period is key to increasing profits. Here are some ways of rearing them in non-laying period:
1. Moving them to dry land – Although raising them on water can cut cleaning work, it increases dirt, smell, has serious effect on their health. So land should be drained in July when they stop laying, pond should be cleaned and disinfected so can be used for fish breeding and growing lotus as food for BHG. They should be moved into dry sheds (and clip wings) to bring forward laying season by one month to next January and put breeding birds back on water.
2. Stimulate laying by artificial light in evening in December, but artificial light should be stopped after non-laying period to stop them from not laying or decreasing laying in spring. To stop them putting on excess weight in non-laying season feed should be changed mainly to green food which will cut costs.
3. Only lay between March and June, so all but best layers should be sold. After last chicks hatch late April, the best should be kept as breeding birds and kept for 9-10 months. From hatching to laying consume only half as much green feed as laying hens, which saves on feeding costs.
4. Although (naturally) disease resistant they quickly cause serious pollution which reduces their freedom from disease, also catch infections from domestic poultry, causing their disease rate to rise sharply, so must vaccinate outside laying season (gives details). Must also keep coops clean and disinfect them. Birds kept on ponds, water should be changed in summer and their faeces cleaned out, pond thoroughly disinfected.
There’s even a mention of this website in the news item; though not quite correct – the info was first from a Japanese researcher, posting to a newsgroup re poultry flu and conservation. I pasted some posts into this thread; Richard Thomas of Birdlife International – who started the newsgroup – sent more messages to the group, which I added as well.
Still, good to see this story; and check out the quote from Juan Lubroth of FAO!引用：Chinese admit breeding wild birds near Qinghai Lake.The hypothesis that migratory birds are responsible for spreading
avian flu over long distances has taken another knock. Last year, an
outbreak of the deadly H5N1 strain in thousands of migratory birds at
Qinghai Lake in western China provided what seemed the first firm
evidence for the idea. Because the lake is so remote, experts assumed
infected birds had flown up from southern China.But it has now emerged that, since 2003, one of the key migratory
species affected, the bar-headed goose, has been artificially reared
near the lake. The breeding farms — part of an experimental
programme to both domesticate the birds and release them to
repopulate wild stocks — raise the possibility that farmed birds
were the source of the outbreak.Roy Wadia, a World Health Organization (WHO) spokesman in Beijing,
agrees that, if confirmed, the finding is “important”, as changing
the breeding practice might help control the infection.Yi Guan, a virologist at the University of Hong Kong, co-authored a
Nature paper last July that suggested migrating birds caused the
outbreak (see Nature 436, 191?192; 2005). Guan says he had heard
rumours of the programme when he submitted his paper, but couldn’t
confirm them.There is no proof that China’s breeding programme caused the Qinghai
outbreak, but it does raise questions, he says. “The cultivation of
bar-headed geese increases the chance for these birds to mix with
infected domestic poultry.”Ironically, the breeding programme was revealed by Chinese press
agencies reporting on the government’s efforts to boost agriculture
and the environment in the region ahead of the opening of the
Qinghai-Tibet railway in July; the railway is expected to promote
tourism and economic growth.Richard Thomas of BirdLife International in Cambridge, UK, spotted
the press cuttings, and posted English translations to a blog
(https://www.drmartinwilliams.com). Whether farmed migrant birds
caused the outbreak or not, it’s a “cautionary tale”, says Ken
Shortridge, a veteran avian-flu researcher in China. He argues that
such a programme does not sufficiently take into account the threat
of H5N1.The idea that migrating birds didn’t carry the virus to Qinghai after
all would fit with other recent evidence. Juan Lubroth, a senior
animal-health officer at the UN Food and Agricultural Organization
(FAO), says he is now sceptical that migrants can carry the virus
over long distances. For example, the current spring migration from
Africa to Europe is almost over, with no sign of outbreaks. The FAO
has also checked 20,000 wild birds in Africa and found no H5N1.Blogger reveals China’s migratory goose farms near site of flu outbreak
from Tibet info site (presumably taken in Tibet), http://www.tibetinfor.com.cn/news/2003-12-28/N0320031228112940.htm
Migratory birds die of flu in Qinghai, Tibet
SOME dead wild birds found in Qinghai Province and Tibet Autonomous Region have tested positive of the H5N1 bird flu, the Ministry of Agriculture said today. A total of 399 deceased migratory birds were found in Tibet’s Nakchu area and Qinghai’s Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The two areas are on the same bird migration route as Qinghai’s Yushu County, where the ministry confirmed earlier this month that more than 100 wild birds died of the deadly virus. noted by Japanese researcher re the Tibet site: This is one of best documented regions where BHG are artificially bred (cf. aiwatch #2098)
"Tibetan Nagqu artificial domesticated wild Bantouyan success" Following the Shannan area Bantouyan artificial domesticated wild success, recently, also transmits news Xainza County, Nagqu Prefecture. Manual procedures for the county rare fowl bred for the 500 wild Bantouyan growing trend well, the listing requirements are met. So far, Shen Norte County in the rational use, protection of wild birds in resources to vigorously develop aquaculture, and promote the strategic restructuring of the livestock has made great strides, providing a vast space.
also from Japanese researcher: "utilisation of discarded eggs" suggests methods in line with the report of the first artificial breeding in Lhasa.
"Ramsar Information Sheet" 3. Name of wetland: Qinghai Bird Island National Nature Reserve (Niao Dao) 25. Current scientific and research facilities: Artificial incubation of Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus) and study on the utilisation of discarded eggs; bird banding etc., the establishment of laboratories for bird raising.
As well as possible connection to H5N1, must also wonder about conservation implications of such projects, especially if occupy significant amounts of natural habitats.
http://www.tibetwindow.cn/herd/supply/item/2006-01/09/_89616.html
“Shannan rare wild animal breeding area development projects”1, project background and resources
Shannan area rare wild animal resources extremely rich, only one
country, more than 700,000 species of animals secondary protection,
including musk deer, black bear, Malu and Bantouyan, Chek Maya,
Hemaji, Zangma chickens have easily domesticated characteristics.Regional head of the county-owned nature reserve in Tibet only Malu,
the local people also have artificial domesticated wild Malu
tradition. Nga eye and the vast majority of natural waters wild
Bantouyan large number of researchers in this area Forestry Bureau
two artificial breeding of rare animals made a lot of attempts, made
significant progress. Second, the content and size of the main
projects(a) wild Malu, musk deer, black bear, brown breeding base.
(b) wild Bantouyan, Chek Maya, Hemaji, Zangma chicken eggs and
breeding bases. Third, the market analysis(1) markets in the region : Because of Sichuan habits, living in
cities of the Tibetan diet has been basically completely close
Sichuan, Tibet in recent years coupled with the rapid development of
tourism, local native products developed enough food, as long
transportation lines, the high cost of transport, purchase of
specialty food prices have remained high, Tibet’s native products of
the food market in the region have great market demand. Thus,
domesticated and breeding Bantouyan, Malu have better market
prospects.(2) outside the market : the Tibetan wild domesticated animal food
with clean natural green effect.4, investment estimates
The total investment is expected to reach 600 million.5, – benefit analysis
Artificial domesticated wild animals in addition to providing
features Game meat, bear bile, musk, velvet and whip, blood products
and other traditional medicinal herbs are precious and have high
economic value; Wild poultry high protein, low fat, the meat is
excellent, the people are like, after finishing the outside market
can not be belittled.6, cooperation
Business enterprises or sole proprietor holding.7, business units : Shannan region of Tibet Forestry Bureau
- 抱緊，回歸主題必須先登錄。