It's perhaps worth looking at some known incidences of smuggling of poultry and other birds, as surely potential for transporting H5N1 poultry flu - indeed, H5N1 has been detected in birds smuggled to Taiwan; and only known incidences so far of H5N1 in western Europe have been in smuggled birds.

"duck meat smuggled from eastern China and intercepted in Taiwan in 2003." contained H5N1 http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/bird-flu/dn4668

"In midnight of October 14, 2005, Taiwan Coast Guard Administration confiscated 1,037 birds from a freighter of which the ship staff smuggled the birds from China into Taichung. ... test results confirmed that those smuggled birds were infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus." http://english.www.gov.tw/e-Gov/index.jsp?categid=217&recordid=87565

Thai eagles smuggled into Belgium were infected with H5N1
Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Smuggled Thai Eagles, Belgium

"The only incidence of H5N1 in the UK, so far during this outbreak, was linked to trade in caged birds (the infamous parrot)." http://www.bto.org/gbw/NEWS/PRESS/2005/bt44_birdflu.htm

"Chinese-raised poultry, banned in the United States out of fear of spreading diseases, is nonetheless reaching markets and restaurants in the United States after escaping detection at borders.

Outbreaks of bird flu in Asia have led the government to step up its anti-smuggling operations. In a two-month period this fall, 165,000 pounds of Asian poultry was seized, according to figures compiled in the Department of Agriculture." http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/nation/story/05506F1872423A9B862570BE0075B30E?OpenDocument

There's poultry smuggling from China to Hong Kong, for instance:
"Customs officers seized $450,000 worth of smuggled chilled poultry from a river trade vessel from Zhuhai during an anti-smuggling operation yesterday (March 22).

While patrolling in the waters off Shek Kwu Chau at about 4pm, a Customs launch intercepted and searched a vessel declared to be containing potatoes.

As a result, Customs officers found a large quantity of chilled poultry, including 1,158 cartons of geese, 688 cartons of ducks, 465 cartons of chicken, and 17 cartons of pigeons." http://www.customs.gov.hk/eng/new_release_20040323_seize_poultry_e.html

In Laos:
"The officials must monitor poultry sales at markets to prevent traders from selling poultry smuggled in from neighbouring countries in a bid to prevent the entry of bird flu into the country." http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/FreeContent/Current_minister.htm


also (maybe not smuggling):
"an outbreak of H5N1 among poultry in Lhasa, Tibet, in January 2004 was traced to a shipment of chickens from Lanzhou in China’s Gansu Province, about 1500 kilometers away. " http://www.newagebd.com/2005/nov/09/nature.html

Post edited by: martin, at: 2005/12/06 02:00<br><br>Post edited by: martin, at: 2006/06/07 13:56

Mongolian customs officers did not pass into the country 300 kg of the Chinese chicken meat

On the Mongolian custom-house Of zamyn-Uude is avoided an attempt at
the import from China 300 kg of the meat of hen. On this on 24 March
to the correspondent IA REGNUM the colleague for the customs
administration of Mongolia described.

The point of the customs passage Of zamyn-Uude is located in the
southeastern part of the Mongolia. According to the customs officers,
in the course of the customs inspection of automobile &quot;uaz-ya'9&quot; it
is discovered by 300 kg of the meat of bird. &quot;in connection with the
bird influenza the import of the meat of bird from China to Mongolia
is forbidden by Mongolian legislation, says the colleague of
custom-house. - for the transportation is necessary the special
permission, which in this case was not &quot;.

Furthermore, customs officer described that in China the number of
patients with bird influenza increases, and the meat of bird, sold in
those infected by bird influenza territories, stands very cheaply how
use merchants.

- some time ago, I suggested on a forum that areas infected by H5N1, and nearby areas, likely to have cheap poultry, which could be one reason for spread into new areas (buying chicken going cheep). Got pilloried for it, for reasons I don't know [well, other than a Nimanist responding]; still seems likely to me.

http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01HEA040406
&quot;Bird flu outbreak feared as chicken smugglers gear up&quot;

QUANG NINH -- Authorities at Quang Ninh Province have stepped up
efforts to catch chicken smugglers, following fears that more
chickens will be smuggled into Viet Nam via sea routes or with the
aid of fake safety labels during the next few months.

Chickens have largely been smuggled into Viet Nam via border gates.

In the northern province of Quang Ninh, which borders China, border
guards last month confiscated dozens of large cases filled with
chickens.

Permanent member of the provincial anti-smuggling board, Nguyen Dang
Truong, said the problem became more serious in early March.

As smuggled chickens are usually birds that have been discarded in
their countries of origin, they are sold at a much lower price than
domestic chickens, earning smugglers a substantial profit.

The smugglers often hire porters to transport chicken coops via
rivers, streams or pathways into border areas. Porters then load the
chickens into vans or concealed spaces in coaches or boats.

Authorities said they have seized 35 cases since last month, of which
almost 31,000kg of chickens, 200,000 eggs and 33 calves were
destroyed.

The traders had neither certificates to verify the origin of the
chickens or veterinarian's quarantine records.

Authorities have warned of the potential for new outbreaks of bird
flu, as border guards could only control a small number of smuggled
cases.

The provincial People's Committee has held continuous meetings to
call for officials from the agriculture, veterinary and health care
sectors to instigate concrete action against the smuggling.

Authorities at the border gates of Ka Long in Mong Cai, Hoanh Mo in
Binh Lieu and Bac Phong Sinh in Hai Ha were asked to instruct locals
to not participate in the trading of smuggled goods or abet smugglers
in any way.

The province will devote more staff to fight smugglers, develop
facilities at border gates and set up more check-points along roads,
sea ports and stations to prevent smuggled chickens from being
brought to the country.

Local border soldiers, customs officers and market watch officials
will also adopt more drastic measures to control the problem,
authorities said. -- VNS

HANOI, April 6 (Reuters) - Vietnam has found the bird flu virus in chickens smuggled from China, the first case in poultry since December, officials said on Thursday.
The state-run Vietnam Economic Times newspaper reported that Animal Health Institute tests confirmed the presence of the H5 virus component in chickens seized in the northern border province of Lang Son, 154 km (96 miles) north of Hanoi.
It was not immediately known if the virus was the deadly H5N1 strain that has killed over 100 people in parts of Asia and the Middle East since 2003.
Institute officials could not be reached for comment but a provincial official said smuggling was tough to prevent.
&quot;The smugglers come in small groups and by various small ways so it's been difficult to stop all of them,&quot;
...
Hoang Van Nam, deputy head of the Agriculture Ministry-run Animal Health Department, said poultry smuggling from China posed a serious threat to public health.
This week Vietnam increased border control measures to prevent a resurgence of bird flu, but officials said the work was not always a success.
Vietnamese northerners join the lucrative illegal trade of chickens over the border with China because they can sell the birds in Vietnam at 10 times their buying price.
State media said officials seized around 20,000 chickens, 126,000 eggs and 1,000 ducks trafficked into Lang Son and Quang Ninh in March alone. They gave no comparative figures.
http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/HAN234341.htm

http://www.financialexpress-bd.com/index3.asp?cnd=4/9/2006&amp;section_id=24&amp;newsid=\
21201&amp;spcl=no
&quot;Secret sale of smuggled 'bird flu-infected' chicks alleged&quot;

RAJSHAHI, Apr 8: Apprehending spread of 'Bird Flu' virus through
smuggled Indian infected chicks, the police, the poultry farm owners
and the authorities of the Animal Resource Division have burnt 6,750
pieces of chick in Paba and Durgapur upazilas of Rajshahi and in
Natore Sadar Upazila recently.

Meanwhile, at least 1,750 'Bird Flu' infected chicks have been
secretly sold to unspecified customers by some dishonest poultry farm
owners in Durgapur, it is alleged.

The police recently seized 2,000 pieces of infected Indian smuggled
chicks from the possession of Shahadat Hosain in Shalgharia village
under Durgapur Upazila and deposited those to the local office of the
Department of Animal Resources.

The authorities concerned dug a large hole beside the boundary wall
of the office of the Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO) and a sackful of
chicks were dumped under earth in presence of the police.

But local people said there were only 250 pieces of chick in that
sack as against the seized 2,000 chicks. Abdur Rashid, a peon of the
Animal Resource Division office in Durgapur, said out of 2,000 pieces
of affected chick, Shahdat managed to sell 600 pieces of chick to one
Maik of the same village and 400 chicks to one Harun of Pachubari
village with the help of the police.

Until writing of this report, the whereabouts of the rest of the
chicks could not be known.

Meanwhile, poultry farm owners of Rajshahi recently seized 800 pieces
of smuggled Indian chick from the Rajshahi Court building area and
deposited those to the local BDR members.

The BDR men, however, burnt those chicks by pouring petrol. On the
other hand, on the basis of allegation the police seized 5,700 pieces
of smuggled chicks from a pick-up van and burnt those. No one was
arrested in this connection.

Smugglers undercut fight against bird flu
By Elisabeth Rosenthal International Herald Tribune

THURSDAY, APRIL 13, 2006


MILAN - Last month, two vans of police inspectors, undercover in jeans and sneakers, pulled up at a storefront near the Piazza Morselli on a sensitive raid, a matter of national well-being and security. Their target was not terrorists, weapons or drugs. It was smuggled Asian poultry - a product at risk for carrying bird flu.

While sorting through a refrigerator at the back of the Chinese grocery store, the inspectors found their quarry: bags of unlabeled refrigerated duck feet that General Emilio Borghini, head of the Military Police Health Service, deemed &quot;suspicious.&quot;

A similar raid at a warehouse here a few months ago yielded three million packages of chicken meat smuggled from China in unmarked packages, even though such imports have been banned in the European Union since 2002.

There is increasing evidence, experts say, that a thriving international trade in smuggled poultry products - including birds, chicks, eggs, meat, feathers and other products - is making a substantial contribution to the spread of the H5N1 bird flu virus.

Poultry smuggling turned out to be a huge and previously largely overlooked business, perhaps second only to narcotics in international contraband, experts and government officials believe. H5N1 is a robust virus that survives not just in live birds but in frozen meat, feathers, bones, and on used cages - although it dies with cooking.

&quot;No one knows the real numbers, but they are large; behind illegal drug traffic, illegal animals are No. 2,&quot; said Timothy Moore, an official at the University of Nebraska who has advised the U.S. government on agricultural disaster planning. &quot;And there is no doubt in my mind that this will play a prominent role in the spread of this disease. It looks to be the main way it is spreading in some parts of the world.&quot;

Illegal trade seriously undermines the bans on poultry products from bird flu-infected countries that many governments have enacted in the hopes of stemming spread of the disease.

&quot;In spite of the EU ban we are still seizing Chinese poultry products,&quot; Borghini said.

Many experts are convinced that the illegal import of infected chicks introduced the virus into Nigeria, setting off Africa's first and largest epidemic, which is limited to poultry farms and has not affected wild birds.

This week, Vietnamese health officials said chickens smuggled over the border from China had reintroduced bird flu into their nation, which had reported no cases for four months.

No one has any precise sense of the extent of the trade - or the importance of it role in spreading bird flu - because until recently, poultry smuggling was regarded mostly as an economic nuisance.

&quot;I would love to have a map of illegal trade - but I'm embarrassed to say we don't have a good handle on it,&quot; said Juan Lubroth, a senior veterinarian at the UN Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome. &quot;We all know it occurs and we are worried, but what we see confiscated is only the tip of the iceberg.&quot;

The police and experts say the trade is hard to control because such massive amounts cross borders in trucks, carts, planes and boats each day. Smuggled meat from Asia is often loaded in containers with a mish-mash of other goods - from clothes and toys to furniture. Labels indicating the port of origin are easily falsified.

&quot;We're aware that the risk to public health can be hidden in these containers, but thousands of containers pass through Italian ports and it is impossible to inspect them all,&quot; said Mario Pantano, director of the Police Health Service in southern Italy, who said his staff had found hidden poultry products stuffed into shoes.

Late last year, his team discovered a shipment of 260 tons of meat scattered among several containers transiting at a port in Calabria in southern Italy, destined for the tiny East European country of Moldova. Because of improper paperwork, the inspectors started asking questions and determined that the shipment had come from China. They worried the smuggled meat would soon be in Italy.

&quot;The meat was officially destined for countries on the doorstep of the European Union and we knew that the chickens could be relabeled and illegally re-enter Italy for our consumption,&quot; Pantano said, noting that such &quot;triangulation&quot; was known to occur but experts had little sense how common it was.

Although many countries attribute the spread of H5N1 to migratory fowl, many ornithologists say the evidence often points to smuggling. &quot;We believe it is spread by both bird migration and trade, but that trade - particularly illegal trade - is more important,&quot; said Wade Hagemeijer, a bird flu expert

at the Netherlands-based Wetlands International, which has been studying the role of migrating birds.

&quot;Unfortunately it's very difficult to get good information about smuggling, and it's convenient to blame wild birds, since then no one has to admit that their borders are out of control.&quot;

Although bird flu has now been detected on many farms in several African nations, there have been only a handful of reports in wild birds on the continent, supporting the notion that trade is most important there.

&quot;We're been looking for it in wild birds for the last two months and it is surprising that we've come up with zero,&quot; Lubroth said, noting that scattered outbreaks in the wild might be particularly hard to detect in Africa.

The effect of smuggling can sometimes be direct, when sick birds are smuggled onto farms. The H5N1 virus strain found on the farms involved in Nigeria's first outbreak, in northern Kano state, closely matched those found on Chinese farms, Hagemeijer said.

Nancy Morgan, an economist at the UN Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome, said illegal trade could have &quot;easily&quot; introduced bird flu into Nigeria and Egypt, the two African countries with the most extensive bird flu problems.

&quot;In developing countries, the border controls are marginal at best, because of weak institutions and corruption,&quot; she said.

However, she added, &quot;As long as there's economic incentive, it will happen.&quot;

Producers in Egypt and Nigeria frequently import day-old chicks for about 20 cents a bird, she said, because it was easier to buy them than to master the delicate technology of hatching. In Nigeria, 100 percent were smuggled and therefore not inspected, because all imports were banned by the Nigerian government to protect its young domestic industry.

&quot;The government policies created the illegal trade,&quot; said an official at the U.S. Embassy in Lagos, Nigeria, who spoke on condition of anonymity, adding that some products certainly came from Asia. &quot;The industry was growing at 8 percent annually and it needed imports, from parent stock to hatching eggs. Everything comes in illegally.&quot;

Since H5N1 lives through most slaughtering and shipping, smuggled poultry products of many types can bring the virus into a country: infected chicken parts in feed or fertilizer, secondhand cages used to house infected birds, or cheap meat that ends up being used on a farm or in a home where other birds are kept.

&quot;These routes are all legitimate to worry about, all possible, all likely,&quot; said Moore, who noted an outbreak of a much milder avian virus in the United States was caused when straw containing infected chicken feces came onto a farm.

The main concern is China, a country with a serious avian influenza problem and also formerly a major exporter of chicken and poultry products. There is extensive illegal trade between China and Africa, experts say.

In the developing world, the illegal trade often has economic roots, as businesspeople try to avoid duties. But there is a strong cultural element as well. For example, Asian immigrants seek out poultry products, like feet, that may not be available in the West. The illegal meat that has been seized in Italy has been at Chinese stores or warehouses servicing Chinese restaurants.

&quot;Black chicken is our big, big headache,&quot; said Borghini, referring to a type of dark-skinned chicken that, according to traditional Asian belief, has medicinal properties.

Several months ago, Milan's health inspectors noticed that all of the Chinese restaurants in Milan bought their poultry from a single distributor and thought it seemed suspicious. When they conducted a surprise raid at the warehouse of Euro Food International in Milan, they discovered three million packages of meat from China.
http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/13/news/poultry.php#

more on bird smuggling: an extensive problem

A GOVERNMENT inquiry has been launched into an illegal bird-smuggling
racket that has exposed serious flaws in Ireland's defences against
avian flu.

A Sunday Times investigation has revealed that a consignment of
exotic birds was brought illegally into Rosslare harbour on Good
Friday and sold to dealers in Dublin, Cork, Waterford, Wexford,
Limerick and Portlaoise, even though officials had detailed knowledge
of the plans in advance. Up to 30 of the birds died in transit and
were dumped in plastic bags in the midlands.

Some of the birds are believed to have come from eastern Europe,
where the deadly H5N1 virus has been confirmed. The carcasses have
not been recovered. The remaining birds, dispatched across Ireland,
have not been quarantined, despite being transported with the dead
ones.
...
Under EU and Irish law, the agriculture department must be told 24
hours before birds can be imported into Irish ports and airports, but
breeders say thousands of birds are brought illegally into Ireland
each year.
...
The trade in wild birds is highly lucrative, second only to drug
dealing. A special unit has been established by the NPWS to crack
down on the illegal trapping and trading of wild birds and several
prosecutions are pending....

Officials fail to halt bird smugglers

The government has acknowledged there are holes in its defenses aimed at halting poultry smuggling.
Conservationists want authorities to stop the trafficking of poultry from the mainland, an act that they say occurs in broad daylight in Hong Kong waters.

The government does not carry out tests to determine if chickens on sale in village wet markets have been smuggled in. This is something that bothers conservationists.

&quot;[Smugglers] are packing the frozen meat in China and saying it's from other sources. It's easy to just print a box,&quot; says Paul Hodgson, a reef specialist who runs a marine consultancy business in Sai Kung, and has spent time observing smugglers.

He said that, on one occasion, he had found more than 60 tonnes of chicken meat on the reefs, some of it in boxes marked &quot;Belgium.&quot;

Smugglers use small fishing boats, called P4s, to offload poultry onto islands in New Territories country parks.

In some cases, local fishermen and villagers remove the chicken from the reefs and islands where it is sometimes dumped to avoid detection. Hodgson says such chicken can sometimes end up in village freezers and wet markets.

He says Customs and Excise Department officers should be arresting these poultry smugglers, but instead much of their time is taken up with efforts to detect pirated DVDs that are being smuggled in.

The department disagrees with Hodgson's assertion.

An official says the department's initiative to stop smuggling, called Operation Eagle, has, since its commencement in October, netted 255,151 kilograms of poultry up to the end of December, and &quot;28 live chickens/birds at the air, land and sea boundary.&quot;

From the start of the year through to April 12, a further 22,490 kilograms have been seized, but the customs official did not say where that illegal meat was seized.
...
&quot;I think they are culling the chickens [in China] and putting them in boxes, saying they're from Belgium, and sending it out.&quot;

He wonders: &quot;Why don't they just bring it into Hong Kong? It would have cleared through customs.&quot;

They do not bring it into Hong Kong because of fears about avian flu and the government's screening measures. The government says it does everything in its power to control the flow of poultry into Hong Kong, especially in the wake of the avian flu fears in the past year.

But it does not use testing &quot;regularly&quot; to verify whether frozen meat in village markets actually comes from legitimate sources, according to an information officer at the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department.

&quot;Officers are deployed [in village wet markets] randomly to check the live chickens, but not to check whether they are smuggled,&quot; the information officer says.

She also said it is common practice for inspectors to check receipts of meat sales to vendors if, in certain cases, it is suspected the meat had been brought in illegally.

&quot;According to our inspections, if they cannot show the receipts, we would follow up case by case. Sometimes we would charge them, but first we would seize the meat,&quot; the officer says.

The department checks for certificates that verify the chicken had been brought in legally.
...
Hodgson recommends that the government first find out where the chicken is being shipped from, and in this way someone can search for a solution to ease any fears over chicken meat.

&quot;Get some of the chicken ... and find out where the hell it is actually coming from,&quot; Hodgson says.

&quot;What I think is that the government doesn't want to know, so they are not going to do it.&quot;....
Smuggling fears on chicken

By MARGIE MASON | Associated Press
April 27, 2006

LANG SON, Vietnam (AP) - Hired runners strap bamboo cages loaded with 20 live chickens onto their backs in China. Under cover of darkness, they navigate well-worn footpaths across a mountain into Vietnam, where bicycles wait to haul the clucking contraband away.

The smugglers easily evade patrols along the rugged 1,350-kilometer (840-mile) border by using two-way radios and a network of illegal crossings that have become gateways for a new threat _ bird flu.

Vietnam estimates about 4,500 chickens are trafficked into the country this way every day from China in a trade that is nearly impossible to police because of scarce resources.

The H5N1 bird flu virus has recently shown up in samples taken from confiscated birds, raising the stakes in Vietnam's battle to shift from the hardest-hit country to one that has successfully contained the virus.

&quot;I think there is a very large undercover, underground trade that is going on,&quot; said Dr. Jeff Gilbert, an animal health expert at the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization in Vietnam. &quot;I think the biggest risk of re-infection (in Vietnam) is infection from China.&quot; [So, FAO thinks there's a big underground trade now? Why so little word of this from FAO over past year or more, when FAO has been so busy blaming wild birds?]


Many scientists [hmm; some scientists, and many idiots; even some idiotic scientists] believe much of the worldwide spread of H5N1 is linked to the migration of wild birds, but the Paris-based World Organization for Animal Health says it is investigating the possible role smuggling has played in some countries. [Taken them time, but at last may be after right culprit, not just the Tooth Fairy Bird]

Last year, Taiwan confirmed its first case of bird flu, which was found in birds smuggled from China. A Nigerian official also has blamed illegal poultry imports for introducing the virus there earlier this year, though agency spokeswoman Maria Zampaglione said that has not been confirmed.

She said the organization is recommending that governments worldwide pay more attention to the illegal trade of poultry, but said China is not specifically being looked at as a source. Chinese officials have not responded to queries about whether smuggling has occurred.
...
a global smuggling network that has long existed hasn't been shut down by new bird flu precautions.

&quot;There's lots of illicit movements of livestock products around the world,&quot; said Dr. Peter Roeder, an animal health expert at the FAO's base in Rome. &quot;The meat comes in packed in vegetable containers and with other goods and the customs authorities just find it extremely difficult to be on top and inspecting everything.&quot;

In the past, infected beef and pork smuggled into Europe from Asia were blamed for outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever, Roeder said.

Roeder said he wouldn't be surprised if frozen poultry meat from Asia is entering Europe illegally.

He said another worry is the trade of manure-based fertilizers and animal feed, which often contains ground up poultry parts, from infected countries. FAO is examining what role they could play in the spread of H5N1. [Late of FAO to say this; bird conservationists have been attempting to highlight potential role of poultry manure for some time.]

Vietnam, where most human infections and deaths have occurred, launched a nationwide poultry vaccination campaign last year and has intensified surveillance and public awareness. It has not detected any outbreaks in poultry for four months and no human cases have been reported since November.

Its success has boosted demand for poultry as more Vietnamese shed their fears of eating infected meat. That, in turn, has fueled the smuggling.

Smuggled birds typically come from large Chinese farms where high volume and low feed prices keep overall costs low. The poultry can be resold in Vietnam for up to five times more, depending on the market.

For instance, older chickens that no longer lay eggs can be bought by smugglers for about 14,000 dong (88 cents) per kilogram, and can end up in markets in Hanoi and other cities.

In the Vietnamese border town of Lang Son, such birds fetch 37,000 dong (US$2.34) a kilogram _ still 10,000 dong (63 cents) cheaper per kilogram than Vietnamese-farmed chicken, said Do Van Duoc, director of the Lang Son Department of Animal Health.

In Vietnam, no outbreaks have been directly linked to smuggled poultry from China. But it's market inspector Lanh Van Nghe's biggest fear.

He leads an eight-man team responsible for stopping all Chinese poultry and eggs from entering Vietnam along a 100-kilometer (62-mile) stretch of border near the town of Dong Dang _ too few to be really effective, he says.

Dirt paths, some as wide as roads, have been worn into the landscape by traffickers toting in everything from bootlegged DVDs to shoes and electronics.

&quot;Sometimes we lay our ambush until two or three in the morning,&quot; Nghe said. &quot;Nearly a month ago, the smugglers built a cart, so they could use the railway here to transport up to eight cages of chickens. They moved the smuggled chickens for two kilometers to evade a checkpoint.&quot;
http://www.freenewmexican.com/news/42872.html<br><br>Post edited by: martin, at: 2006/04/30 07:38

AVIAN INFLUENZA, POULTRY VS MIGRATORY BIRDS (16)
***********************************************
A ProMED-mail post

ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases


[1]
Date: 30 Apr 2006
From: Joe Dudley


The below article [2] published on 16 Mar 2005 by Thanh Nien News
contains a detailed description of the various transportation systems
used in the trans-frontier poultry smuggling trade between China and
Viet Nam.

This article includes an interesting statement that &quot;old hens&quot; [spent
layer hens] comprise a significant proportion of the live poultry
smuggling trade between Viet Nam and China. It should also be noted
in this context that bulk sales of &quot;old birds&quot; -- most probably spent
layer hens -- by commercial poultry producers were implicated as a
possible contributing factor in at least one human bird flu cluster
in Turkey (see 20060111.0100).

Research presented at the 6th International Symposium on Avian
Influenza (3-6 Apr 2006) indicate that there are at least 2 reasons
why this factor may be significant:

1. Genetics research on H5N1 strains circulating in Viet Nam
indicates that there was at least one new introduction of an H5N1
strain from China to Viet Nam during 2005. (The reference to the new
introduction of H5N1 to Viet Nam during 2005 came from a presentation
by Robert Webster, and the finding was published in a PNAS paper this
past February 2006 -- PNAS 103(8), see pg 2847, column 2 PP 2.)

2. Experimental studies have shown that vaccinated chickens can
harbor and transmit the H5N1 virus without showing any outward signs
of infection, and that vaccinated chickens as well as domesticated
ducks can serve as infectious asymptomatic carriers of the Asian H5N1
HPAI virus. (The reference for transmission by vaccinated chickens is
M. Bublot et al. of Merial (David Swayne of USDA SEPRL co-author),
and for transmission in vaccinated ducks is J.A van der Groot et al
(CIADC, Leystadt)).

See also: Chen et al. Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1
influenza virus in Asia: Implications for pandemic control. PNAS
103(8), 2845-2850).

The proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Avian Influenza
will be published in the December 2006 issue of Avian Diseases, and
the contributed papers should provide many valuable new insights into
the mechanisms underlying the spread of the H5N1 bird flu during
2005/2006 from Asia into the Middle East, Europe, and Africa.

--
Joseph P. Dudley, Ph.D.
Chief Scientist
EAI Corporation
4301 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 200
Arlington, VA 22203



******
[2]
Date: 1 May 2006
From: ProMED-mail
Source: Thanh Nien News, 16 Mar 2006 [edited]



Concerns mount as Chinese chickens illegally flow into Viet Nam
-----------------------------------------------
The growing illegal import of chickens from China to Viet Nam via
northern border gates has become a concern for the country, as the
smuggling poses a threat to Viet Nam's attempts to contain the bird flu.

Although the Vietnamese prime minister has issued a ban on the import
and transportation of poultry from other countries in order to
control the spread of bird flu, smugglers have managed to set up an
elaborate system to get chickens from China across the border
unchecked. Up to 70 percent of chickens smuggled via the northern
border into Lang Son province have escaped proper checks from border
guards and police forces, said Captain Le Quang Dao, head of the
border guard station surrounding the Huu Nghi International Border Gate.

According to a Thanh Nien investigation, smugglers have designed a
sophisticated system to illegally import chickens from China.

1st, the chickens from China are gathered at certain areas near the
Huu Nghi Border Gate. From there, smugglers hire porters carrying
empty cages to walk up the mountain paths in the area during the night.

The porters then bring the cages, which each contain 40 chickens,
down to the mountain foot where a fleet of Minsk motorbike drivers
await to carry the cages into Lang Son town. In order to avoid being
caught, the motorbike drivers drive at high speeds of 80 to 90 km per
hour. From Lang Son town, trucks then transport the smuggled chickens
to other localities.

Chinese chickens are usually bought at 12 000 to 13 000 VND [USD
0.75-0.82] per kilogram at border gates and then resold for 17 000
VND [USD 1.06] in Lang Son town, according to smugglers who have been
caught. In other provinces, the price of illegally traded chickens
can go up to 40 000 VND [USD 2.50].

To ensure they don't get caught, smugglers also have people hanging
around near the offices of police and border guards. These people are
assigned to immediately sound the alarm when an officer leaves the
office.

But, most smugglers are unaware of the dangers they pose by bringing
the unchecked chickens into the country. Even worse, some do not care
about their health or the health of others.

On 16 Mar 2006, police forces stopped a truck carrying some 1.6 tons
of chickens smuggled from China. The chickens, worth an estimated 20
million VND [USD 1255] were then transferred to market monitors for
destruction. Most of the chickens were old hens, with some already
dead. According to local residents, the Chinese people have sold such
chickens to Viet Nam but then go to markets along the border to buy
Vietnamese chickens.

When An Thi Binh from Bac Giang province was arrested as the truck
owner of the smuggled chickens, she showed no fear that the chickens
could possibly carry the bird flu. So far, &quot;nothing has happened to
other people trading chickens like me. If anything happens, I will be
the 1st to die,&quot; she said.

According to Captain Dao, all smuggled chickens caught by police or
border guards have been destroyed.

[Byline: Manh Quan]

--
ProMED-mail


[Between the laxly supervised export of commercial poultry and the
efficient illegal export of live poultry, _vide supra_, and poultry
parts (see previous postings), there is much to concern the rest of
us. We are fortunate that Viet Nam has a vaccination policy. - Mod.MHJ]

******
[3]
Date: 1 May 2006
From: ProMED-mail
Source: AP, CNN, 30 Apr 2006 [edited]




Smuggled Pets Worry Bird Flu Watchdogs
-----------------------------------------------
Bird flu entering the U.S. through smuggled wildlife is a growing
worry for government officials already on the lookout for migrating
wild birds. The concern over the trade in wild animals, pets and
animal parts has some precedent, here and abroad.

Gambian rats imported from Africa brought the monkeypox virus to the
United States in 2003. They infected prairie dogs purchased as pets.
72 people in the Midwest became ill but none died.

In 2004, 2 Crested Hawk-Eagles carrying the virulent strain of the
H5N1 bird flu virus were seized from the hand luggage of a Thai
passenger at Brussels International Airport in Belgium. The passenger
had planned to sell the birds to a Belgian falconer. Not one of the
25 people exposed to the virus became ill. Officials killed 200
parrots and 600 smaller birds that had contact with the Crested
Hawk-Eagles.

&quot;We're very concerned about it coming into the U.S. by whatever
means,&quot; Assistant Secretary of State Claudia McMurray said.

A surveillance plan for monitoring migratory birds says a migrating
wild bird is the most likely carrier of the H5N1 virus. The plan,
developed by the Interior and Agriculture departments and the state
of Alaska for use in all 50 states, also says the virus could arrive
through smuggled poultry, an infected traveler, black-market trade in
exotic birds or even an act of bioterrorism.

Authorities in other countries are similarly wary. An estimated 4 500
chickens from China are smuggled into Viet Nam every day, and the
H5N1 virus has shown up in samples taken from some of the confiscated
birds.

The United States and China are the biggest markets for an estimated
USD 10 billion global trade in illegal wildlife. The black market in
wildlife and wildlife parts is 2nd only to trafficking in arms and
drugs. &quot;It's not just a matter of the U.S. telling China, 'Clean up
your act.' The 2 of us are both going to get a handle on it
together,&quot; said McMurray, head of the State Department's Bureau of
Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs.

About 330 000 live birds were imported into the United States in
2004. Just 374 were denied entry, suggesting smugglers may focus on
different routes. The ones denied entry came mainly from Mexico,
Guyana and Ghana. The biggest sources of live birds were Canada, with
117 000; Taiwan, 50 000; Tanzania, nearly 40 000; and Belgium, 24 000.

The U.S. banned imports of all live birds, bird parts and bird
products from Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Laos,
South Korea, Thailand and Viet Nam in February 2004. Since then, the
ban has been expanded to any country or region where bird flu is
thought to exist.

&quot;The borders are where the increased emphasis needs to be,&quot; said
Simon Habel, director of TRAFFIC North America, which works closely
with the U.N. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora, based in Geneva, Switzerland. &quot;There's an
endless string of clever ways people try to bring birds and animals
into the country,&quot; said Habel, whose trade-monitoring network is a
joint program of the World Wildlife Fund and IUCN-The World Conservation
Union.

More than 200 Fish and Wildlife Service special agents also do
old-fashioned police work to try to stop the trade. &quot;The problem is
illegal trade that's underground, where smugglers are bypassing that
whole structure of quarantine and permits,&quot; said Nicholas
Throckmorton, an agency spokesman.

An additional 120 agency field officers inspect wildlife shipments at
35 ports, airports and other locations, alongside Customs and Border
Patrol officials. The State Department hopes to also enlist private
businesses in that effort. &quot;The labeling on these items that come in,
people don't tell the truth about what's in them,&quot; McMurray said.
&quot;That's part of the reason why I want to talk to the airlines, the
shippers, the Fed-Exes and the UPSes of the world and say, 'Help us
with this.'&quot;

[Byline: John Heilprin]

--
ProMED-mail


[While one might argue that infected smuggled birds present no risk
because they will die en route or end up in an urban pet store -- a
similar argument to that about regularly vaccinated unexposed
apartment dogs being at zero risk of rabies, so why go to the expense
of ensuring their vaccination -- the reality is that the volume of
smuggled wildlife, including birds, is vast. Thus, even if only a
trivial proportion are likely to come in contact, directly or
indirectly, with poultry, thus potentially generating a really
significant volume of virus, the outcome of trivial .P x 1000's of
birds comes to mean something in epidemiologic reality.

Our young members will not remember the parrot craze of the early
1970s. Parrots in unbelievable numbers were moved out of Africa and
South America to the northern latitudes, legally and illegally. This
resulted in Newcastle disease epidemics in the Middle East and
Eastern Europe, and in the USA, UK, and Western Europe. The cost was
enormous. - Mod.MHJ]

[see also:
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (15) 20060429.1240
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (14) 20060422.1176
Avian influenza, poultry vs. migratory birds (13) 20060414.1114
Avian influenza - poultry vs. migratory birds (12) 20060413.1099
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (11) 20060412.1088
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (10) 20060324.0907
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (09) 20060320.0867
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (08) 20060309.0749
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (07) 20060305.0721
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (06) 20060303.0670
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (05) 20060228.0645
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (04) 20060227.0638
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (03) 20060222.0578
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds (02) 20060218.0536
Avian influenza, poultry vs migratory birds 20060217.0516]
.............mhj/msp/mpp

SINGAPORE, May 3 (Reuters) - A leading flu expert warned the
scientific community on Wednesday against blaming the spread of the
H5N1 virus on migratory birds, saying the movement of poultry around
the world could play a major role.

&quot;We forget that there is an enormous commercial industry with the
movement of animals all the time. That, to me, is the most obvious
thing to look for,&quot; said Kennedy Shortridge, who spent three decades
studying influenza viruses.

&quot;Don't rush to blame migratory birds straightaway,&quot; he said in
Singapore at a bird flu conference organised by the Lancet medical
journal.

Shortridge's assertions would probably not sit well with many experts
in this field [and many idiots in or not really in the field], who have credited the spread of the H5N1 virus in
parts of Europe, Africa and the Middle East in the past few months to
wild migratory birds from China's Qinghai Lake.

An outbreak of virus in Qinghai Lake last May killed thousands of
birds and that particular strain of the virus has since been found in
affected places in Europe, Africa and the Middle East.

That gave rise to the popular theory the virus was probably brought
to these places by surviving wild birds from Qinghai, in remote
western China.

But Shortridge questioned this, saying: &quot;Birds go north-south, they
don't usually go east-west.&quot;

RAILWAY LINES OR MIGRATORY ROUTES?

&quot;There's a railway line that runs from there to one side of Qinghai
Lake and there's a road that goes to the other side. If you look at
the movements with H5N1, they don't seem to tie in with migratory
bird routes for the simple reason they seem to follow the
Trans-Siberian railway,&quot; he added.

&quot;Lots of people don't realize that there's movement of poultry from
one country to another, even to Nigeria, where we've got bird flu.
People are transporting all sorts of poultry meat.&quot;

Several nations are already clamping down on poultry smuggling.
Vietnam is redoubling efforts to limit smuggling from China after
uncovering bird flu cases in poultry in northern border areas.
Bangladesh, too, is stepping up surveillance to prevent illegal
shipments from bird flu-hit India.

Hong Kong is also beefing up border patrols to stop live chickens and
poultry meat being carried into the territory illegally from mainland
China.

Since re-emerging in Asia in late 2003, the H5N1 virus has killed 113
people out of 205 reported infections, most notably from Asia, Turkey
and Egypt.

Although it is predominantly a bird disease and most of the victims
contracted the virus directly from birds, experts fear it can mutate
into a form that will transmit easily among people and trigger a
pandemic of catastrophic proportions....
[deleted some silly speculation by a Japanese scientist; not based on reality]
Poultry shipments also likely spread bird flu -expert<br><br>Post edited by: martin, at: 2006/05/05 01:30