After a friend introduced me to the notion of using open-source content management systems to build websites, I investigated on the net, and started a site using Mambo. I came to really like this CMS, since built a couple of other Mambo sites, added it to this site, and recommended to friends; and more recently migrated one of my sites to Joomla!

But when it comes to making sites search engine friendly - ie Search Engine Optimization (SEO), so they are readily navigated and index by search engine spiders, and pages rank well in, say, Google, Yahoo and MSN Search, Mambo has some quirks that may be worth a little explanation.

Firstly, though, the essentials of optimising a Mambo site for search engines are exactly as for all sites, and as I've briefly covered in Doc Martin's free advice on search engine optimization.

So, what are the quirks? (I explain a little here; but note I don't have commercial sites; bring a little revenue, but as yet, not worth investing in custom coding and so on - which would be best.)

Advice on Search Engine Optimization - SEO - for Mambo

SEF URLs: keywords may help; duplicate URLs a big no-no

Raw Mambo URLs include numbers and characters like "&" strewn. Mambo has an SEF ("Search Engine Friendly") URL option that works on much server software, reducing the clutter to mainly numbers and backslashes. To me, though, even with this option on Mambo 4.5.2, generates Search Engine Unfriendly URLs, as each link created can result in an extra URL, through addition of a number known as Itemid.

There are better options. These will create URLs with words, usually drawn from titles of categories, and item titles; may help search engines, but certainly more human friendly. Though I've often seen a commercial solution promoted, II have used a freebie - Xaneon Extensions.

Maybe little boost to search engine rankings from having words instead of numbers in URLs, but the resulting URLs are more human friendly, and can eliminate Itemids problem (tho take some care, lest a module, say, generate different URL for a content item). I unpublished a few modules - such as the related articles module - as they gave "wrong" URLs.

Page Title Important

Mambo has option for using dynamic page titles, which works very well for items; components such as Simpleboard now also generate decent tibles.

 For even better titles with Joomla!, use the SEF Patch - can generate page titles that are simply article titles, without site name (can choose to have site name in page titles, but first ask if you really need it?)

<h1>, <h2> Tags

In Mambo, it's a bit of a pain to assign <h1> and <h2> tags to titles of Items etc. Need to amend some fairly deep "code" (and I'm no coder); when I tried with Mambo, didn't work out too well. Instead, I've added definitions for <h1> and <h2> to css for templates I'm using, and can then set these tags using editor (htmlarea3).

Internal Links

With Mambo items generally linked to from home page via links to Section, then Category, then Item, I rather suspect pagerank for homepage is diluted by time you've reached the Item (seen a little evidence of this); effect also same from other pages that may have decent pagerank. To try and counter this, I've started using extra menus with direct links to Items (articles).

Should also aim to have just one link to home page, which may well be frontpage component: don't want to also show links to the component, and/or to index.php. One solution is to unpublish main menu, retaining frontpage component as the top link on it.

Coding

Search engines are happier with pages with good coding, that meets standards; maybe MSN places more emphasis on this than most.  Ideally, then, reduce or eliminate non-standard coding from templates (varying from one to another), editors; can check pages with w3c validator.

Mambo section of DocMartin and a related site that also runs Mambo were recently hacked. Main thing seems to be that some code (javascript) was inserted into template used to create each page - and this can apparently lead to people running Windows (unprotected) maybe inadvertently downloading a trojan.
I learned of this after a few users emailed, saying when trying to visit my site they had Norton report an attempt to download a trojan.

This functions as spyware; can send info from infected computer that could include passwords - maybe even for bank accounts accessed online. (Phishing). Via google search, I've learned this code has evidently been used by people in Estonia (!) - an Estonian phisher was arrested in April for using just this technique.
Sites now cleaned, I think; and webhost helping watch for any more rogue activity.

Happily; there are counter-measures. Read more for a bit of info on these; also for a little more re the hack on Mambo site(s). 

I've had occasional problems with Mambo - at times making me think, "Whoa - that could be the end of it!" - but so far managed, with help, to find solutions.

mos_sessions Table Corrupted 

Today, after server trouble, found a site wasn't working; instead, pages showed an error message, beginning:
"DB function failed with error number 1016
Can't open file: 'mos_session.MYI'. (errno: 145)"

I searched for this text with Google, and found a forum thread with a post including a fix, by space-addiction. Fix was a few lines of code, for MySQL database:

 #
 # Table structure for table `mos_session`
 #
 DROP table IF EXISTS mos_session;
 CREATE TABLE `mos_session` (
 `username` varchar(50) default '',
 `time` varchar(14) default '',
 `session_id` varchar(200) NOT NULL default '0',
 `guest` tinyint(4) default '1',
 `userid` int(11) default '0',
 `usertype` varchar(50) default '',
 `gid` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
 PRIMARY KEY (`session_id`),
 KEY `whosonline` (`guest`,`usertype`)
 ) TYPE=MyISAM;
 #
 # Dumping data for table `mos_session`
 #

Using phpmyadmin, via cPanel, I checked the database, and sure enough found that the mos_session table was corrupt. Instead of trying repair - in case it messed things up even further, I tried running the above code as a mysql query. Happily, this worked. Phew!

Buttons not working after upgrade to 4.5.2

I had problem with New button, with Firefox; after noticing short note on Mambo site, I learned this wasn't real problem with button, but with cache. I emptied the cache, and button worked fine.

Mass Mail not found in 4.5.2

I did some searching for mass mail function after upgrade to 4.5.2; couldn't find it. Happily, via google, came upon this post on Mambers.com, giving solution. You have to also execute a line for sql tables:

 INSERT INTO `mos_components` VALUES (0, 'Mass Mail', '', 0, 0, 'option=com_massmail&hidemainmenu=1', 'Send Mass Mail', 'com_massmail', 0, 'js/ThemeOffice/mass_email.png', 0, '');

- I tried this (via phpmyadmin, with cPanel), and works fine.

Sorry - there's an error with the webpage address.

Please try search (doesn't cover all content), or navigate via menus on left, to find the content you are looking for.

Also, perhaps you could contact me about the problem.

When I started with Mambo 4.5.0, I didn't like the way every page's title was simply the site name: negative for success in search engines - other than for success with searches including the site name. I dug around on forums, came across page title hack, which involved a php file, and need to change some code in template. After some trial and error, found this worked very well.

Now, Mambo 4.5.2 has built-in option for dynamic page titles - good progress, but there's still room for improvement.

I've used Simpleboard as my forum component since I started with Mambo. It's the only forum I've used, and it works for me. One good thing is that it's been developed specifically as a Mambo component, so dovetails with Mambo. There are a few quirks, but I'm a happy camper so far.
Since writing this, I've upgraded another site to Joomla!, and switched to Joomlaboard; a few irritating hiccoughs in the switch to Joomlaboard (see below).

Note: Joomlaboard progress now halted; evolved into Fireboard. I'm yet to make the switch; from look at Fireboard info, seems it's in early stages yet, and yet to fully work with OpenSEF - but should be a good step forward.

One oddity: the icons for buttons to add topics, post, edit and so on aren't part of the install - have to instead grab a module with these, install as module - but not publish it. I've seen a few Simpleboard forums that suggest people don't notice about this step, or just don't bother with it.
Another: upgrades are a bit of a faff; have to copy any files upgraded with posts, and replace after upgrade (as they're stored in component sub-folders); and config info is lost so have to again note re forum title, email adress, security etc.

For species listed in Birds to
Watch 2: The World List of Threatened Birds, codes used are:
(CR) - critically endangered; (EN) - endangered; (VU) - vulnerable;
(CD) - conservation dependent; (NT) - near threatened.

? before species name denotes species
for which identification is considered uncertain, or rarities
for which descriptions are yet to be submitted to the Beidaihe
Bird Society.

All other species have been recorded
in the Beidaihe district, unless the name is indented (recorded
at Qinhuangdao only) or indented and put in square brackets (only
known from the mountains near Shanhaiguan and/or Old Peak).
(So, excludes places south of Yanghe, including Happy Island and nearby. Would be good to develop a list for at least Happy Island, too...)

Period of typical occurrence indicated
by:

R - resident, W - winter, S - spring, Su--summer, A - autumn;
with e, m and l representing early, middle and late spring or
autumn (`spring' is from the beginning of March to the beginning
of June; `autumn' is from early July to late November).

Status
indicated by: 1 - rare, 2 - scarce, 3 - uncommon, 4 - fairly common,
5 - common, 6 - abundant. Figures in round brackets indicate abundances
earlier this century, if these differ strongly from abundances
noted during recent surveys. For vagrants, dates are given (day.month.year),
with numbers of individuals seen. Some species are of erratic
occurrence, e.g. the Eurasian Nutcracker may be absent in some
years, fairly common in others - its abundance is thus given as
0-4.

I know this is now a bit dated; would appreciate info to help update (Including descriptions/photos
etc for vagrants.) There's chance to comment at the end of this; or email me via contact form.

Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata eS 1-2, lA 2
?Pacific/Black-throated Diver Gavia pacifica/arctica 4.11.1989: 1
Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis mS-lA 4
Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus e-mS, m-lA 4-5
Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena lA 2
Slavonian Grebe (Horned Grebe) Podiceps auritus eS 2-3, lA 3
Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis e-mS 3-6, m-lA 3
? Leach's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa 23.7.1942: 1
Great Frigatebird Fregata minor Su 1-2
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo e-mS 4, m-lA 3-4
Temminck's Cormorant (Japanese Cormorant) Phalacrocorax capillatus e-lS 2-3, m-lA 3
Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus e-mS 2-4, lA 3
(VU) Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus lA? (1)
Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris eS, lA 3
Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis lS 4, Su?, eA 4
(NT) Schrenck's Bittern Ixobrychus eurhythmus lS 4, Su?, eA 3
Chestnut Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus lS 1-2
Black Bittern Dupetor flavicollis 10-11.5.1994: 1
Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax mS 3-4, mA 3-4
Little Green Heron Butorides striatus m-lS 3, e-mA 3-4
Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus lS-mA 4
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis m-lS 1-2
(EN) Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes lS, e-mA 2
? Pacific Reef Egret Egretta sacra 29.8.1994: 1
Little Egret Egretta garzetta m-lS 2-3
Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia m-lS, e-mA 2-3
Great Egret Egretta alba m-lS 3, e-lA 3
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea e-mS 5, m-lA 5
Purple Heron Ardea purpurea m-lS 4, Su?, e-lA 5
Black Stork Ciconia nigra mS 3, mA 4
(EN) Oriental White Stork Ciconia boyciana eS 2-3, lA 5
(NT) Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus m-lS, lA 2
White Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia e-mS 2-3, m-lA 3
{mospagebreak title=Swans, geese and ducks}
Mute Swan Cygnus olor eS 2
Bewick's Swan (Tundra Swan) Cygnus columbianus bewickii eS 3, lA 2
Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus eS,lA 2
(VU) Swan Goose Anser cygnoides eS 3, lA 1-2
Bean Goose Anser fabalis eS, lA 5-6
Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons eS 3, lA 1-3
(VU) Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus eS 1-2
Greylag Goose Anser anser eS, lA 2-3
Brent Goose Branta bernicla orientalis e-mS 1-2
Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea e-mS,3-4, lA 4
Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna e-mS, m-lA
? Cotton Pygmy Goose Nettapus coromandelianus 29.4.1994: 8
(NT) Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata mS, m-lA 3
Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope e-mS 3-4, m-lA 2-3
Falcated Teal Anas falcata e-mS 4, m-lA 3
Gadwall Anas strepera e-mS, m-lA 3-4
(VU) Baikal Teal Anas formosa eS, e-mA 2 (3-6)
Common Teal Anas crecca crecca e-mS 5, m-lA 4
Green-winged Teal Anas crecca carolinensis 1.4.1989: 1
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos e-lS 5-6, m-lA 4
Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha aonorhyncha e-mS, Su?, e-lA 5-6

Northern Pintail Anas acuta e-mS, m-lA 3-4 (6)
Garganey Anas querquedula mS 5-6, e-mA 3-4
Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata e-mS 3-4, m-lA 3-4
Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina 19.4.1989: 1
Common Pochard Aythya ferina e-mS 3-4, mA 2
(VU) Baer's Pochard Aythya baeri e-mS 3, mA 2-3 (6)
(VU) Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca mA 1-2
Tufted Duck Aythya
fuligula eS,
m-lA 2-3
Greater Scaup Aythya marila eS, m-lA 2
Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri 16.4.1985: 1
Harlequin Histrionicus histrionicus e-mS, lA 1-2
Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis mS, lA 2
White-winged Scoter (Velvet Scoter) Melanitta (fusca) stejnegeri e-mS 2-4, lS2-6, e-lA 3-4,
W
Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula eS, lA 5-6, W
Smew Mergus albellus eS, lA 3, W?
Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator e-mS, m-lA 4
Goosander (Common Merganser) Mergus merganser eS 3-4, lA 5
{mospagebreak title=Raptors}
Osprey Pandion haliaeetus mS 3, e-mA 3-4
Crested Honey-Buzzard Pernis ptilorhyncus orientalis m-lS 3-4, mA 4-5
Black Kite Milvus migrans e-lS, mA 3-4 (5-6)
(NT) White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla eS 2, lA 2-3
(NT) Eurasian Black Vulture (Cinereous Vulture) Aegypius monachus lA 2
Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus lS, mA 1-2
Hen Harrier (Northern Harrier) Circus cyaneus e-mS 3-4, m-lA 4, W
Pied Harrier Circus melanoleucos m-lS 4-5, e-mA 6
Eastern Marsh-Harrier (Striped Harrier) Circus spilonotus mS 4, mA 5
Chinese Goshawk (Grey Frog-Hawk) Accipiter soloensis mS, e-mA 2-3
Japanese Sparrowhawk Accipiter gularis mS 3-4, e-mA 5
Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus e-mS 4, m-lA 5, W
Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis e-mS 4, m-lA 4-5, W?
Common Buzzard Buteo buteo e-mS 3-4, mA 5
Upland Buzzard Buteo hemilasius e-mS 2, m-lA 4
Rough-legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus eS 2-3, lA 3-4
Grey-faced Buzzard Butastur indicus m-lS 3, mA 2
(VU) Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga m-lS 2-3, m-lA 3
Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis mA 2
(VU) Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca m-lS 1-2, m-lA 2-3
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos m-lA 2
(VU) Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni eS 2, mA 3-4
Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus e-mS 3-4, e-lA 4, W
Amur Falcon Falco amurensis m-lS 3, mA 4-5
Merlin Falco columbarius e-mS 2-3, m-lA 3, W?
Northern Hobby Falco subbuteo m-lS, Su?, e-mA 4
Saker Falcon Falco cherrug e-mS 2-3, m-lA 3, W?
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus e-mS, m-lA 2-3, W?
{mospagebreak title=Gamebirds, cranes, rails and crakes, bustard}
[ Hazel Grouse Tetrastes bonasia ]
Chukar Alectoris chukar 1-2
Daurian Partridge Perdix dauuricae mA 1
Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica m-lS, mA 3-4, W
[ Koklass Pheasant Pucrasia macrolopha ]
Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus R? 1-2
Yellow-legged Buttonquail Turnix tanki lS 3, mA 3-4
Common Crane Grus grus eS, m-lA 5-6, W?
(CD) Hooded Crane Grus monacha eS 4, lA 4-5
? Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis lA 1
(VU) Red-crowned Crane (Japanese Crane) Grus japonensis eS 4, lA 4-5
(VU) White-naped Crane Grus vipio eS 2-3, m-lA 3-4
(EN) Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus eS 3-5, lA 4
Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo lA 1-2
Water Rail Rallus aquaticus lS 1, e-mA 2
Slaty-breasted Rail Rallus striatus lS, 1-2
Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla lS 3-5, e-mA 3
Ruddy-breasted Crake Porzana fusca lS, Su?, e-mA 3
(NT) Band-bellied Crake Porzana paykullii lS 1-2
(VU) Asian Yellow Rail (Swinhoe's Rail) Coturnicops exquisitus lS, mA 1-2
White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus m-lS 1-2
Watercock Gallicrex cinerea lS, Su?, e-mA 2
Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus lS 3-4, Su, e-mA 4
Eurasian Coot Fulica atra lA 3, Su, e-mA 3-4
(VU) Great Bustard Otis tarda eS 4, lA 4-5, W?
{mospagebreak title=Shorebirds (waders)}
Greater Paintedsnipe Rostratula benghalensis m-lS 2-3, mA 2
Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus osculans e-lS 3, eA 2-3
[ Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii ]
Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus m-lS 4-5, e-mA 5
Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta e-mS 3, mA 4
Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum m-lS 3-5, mA 5-6
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius e-l S 5, Su, e-mA 4
Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula mS, e-mA 1-2
(NT) Long-billed Plover Charadrius placidus eS, e-mA 2
Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus e-lS 6, Su, e-lA 6
Lesser Sand-Plover (Mongolian Plover) Charadrius mongolus m-lS 4-5, e-mA 4
Greater Sand-Plover Charadrius leschenaultii m-lS 3-4, e-mA 3
Oriental Plover Charadrius veredus m-lS 1-2
Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva m-lS 4-6, e-l A 4-5
Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola e-lS, e-lA 5
(NT) Grey-headed Lapwing Vanellus cinereus mS 4, mA 5-6
Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus eS, m-lA 5-6
Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris mS 3, e-mA 4
Red Knot Calidris canutus m-lS 3, e-mA 3-4
Sanderling Calidris alba m-lS 3, e-mA 3-4
? Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri e-mS 1
Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis lS 5, eA 5-6
Little Stint Calidris minuta m-lS 1-2
Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii m-lS 4, e-mA 3-4
Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta m-lS 3-4, e-lA 3
Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos 17-21.5.1993: 1
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata m-lS 4, e-mA 3-4
Rock Sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis 6.5.1989: 1
Dunlin Calidris alpina e-lS 4, m-lA 5
Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea lS 5, e-mA 4
Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus lS 3, e-mA 4
Ruff Philomachus pugnax mS, e-mA 1-2
Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minima e-mA 1-2
Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago m-lS 5, e-mA 4
Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura lS, eA 3-4
Swinhoe's Snipe Gallinago megala lS, eA 2-3
? (NT) Latham's Snipe Gallinago hardwickii m-lS, mA 1-2
(NT) Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus mS, e-mA 2-3
Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola mS 3, mA 3-4
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa e-mS 3, e-mA 3-4
Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica m-lS 4, e-mA 4-5
Little Whimbrel Numenius minutus m-lS 3-4, e-mA 2-3 (6)
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus variegatus m-lS 5-6, e-mA 5
Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata e-mS 4, e-mA 4-5
(NT) Far-Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis mS, e-mA 4-5
Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus e-lS, mA 4
Common Redshank Tringa totanus e-lS 4, e-mA 3-4
Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis m-lS, e-mA 4-5
Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia m-lS, m-lA 5
(EN) Nordmann's Greenshank Tringa guttifer e-mA 1-2
Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus m-lS, e-mA 4
Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola m-lS 5-6, e-mA 5
Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus m-lS 4, e-mA 4-5
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos m-lS, e-mA 4
Grey-tailed Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes lS 3, e-mA 5
Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres m-lS 3-4, e-mA 3
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus e-mA 1-2
Grey Phalarope (Red Phalarope) Phalaropus fulicarius 12.10.1993: 1
{mospagebreak title=Skuas, gulls and terns}
Arctic Skua (Parasitic Jaeger) Stercorarius parasiticus 3.10.1990: 1
Great Black-headed Gull Larus ichthyaetus mA 1-2
(NT) Relict Gull Larus relictus mS 2-3, e-lA 2-4, W?
Little Gull Larus minutus m-lS, mA: 1-2
(EN) Saunders's Gull Larus saundersi e-lS 3, m-lA 2-3
Common Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus e-mS, m-lA 6
Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus m-lS, mA 2
Slender-billed Gull Larus genei 24.4.1994: 1
Black-tailed Gull Larus crassirostris m-lS 3-4, e-lA 4
Common Gull Larus canus kamtschatschensis/heini e-mS, lA 5 (3-4),
W
Vega Gull Larus vegae birulae/vegae e-mS, m-lA 5-6, W
Yellow-legged Gull (?) Larus cachinnans(?) mongolicus eS 2?, lA 2
Heuglin's Gull Larus heuglini taimyrensis m-lS 4, mA 3
Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus e-mS 2, m-lA 2
Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus eS, m-lA 2
Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla mS, lA 1-2
Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica m-lS 3, e-mA 4
Caspian Tern Hydroprogne tschegrava e-lS 3, e-mA 4
(CR) Chinese Crested Tern Sterna bernsteini 10.6.1978: 3
(Eastern) Common Tern (Nordmann's Tern) Sterna hirundo longipennis lS 3-4, Su, e-mA 5
Little Tern Sterna albifrons sinensis m-lS 4-5, Su, e-mA 5
Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida m-lS 3-4, e-mA 4
Black Tern Chlidonias nigra 4.10.1989: 1
White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucoptera lS 5, eA 6
{mospagebreak title=Murrelet, through cuckoos, to owls and swifts}
Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus 6,9.4.1985: 1/2
Pallas's Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes paradoxus lS, lA, W 1 (0-5)
Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto e-lS, e-lA 3, R?
Red Turtle-Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica lS 2-3, e-mA 3
Rufous Turtle-Dove (Oriental Turtle-Dove) Streptopelia orientalis e-lS 4-5, e-lA 5, R
? Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis 1-2
Large Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus sparverioides m-lS, mA 1-2
Northern Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus hyperythrus mA 1-2
Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus lS, Su?, e-mA 2-3
Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus lS 4, Su?, e-mA 4
Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus lS, e-mA 2-3
Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus lS, e-mA 3
? Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 6-8.8.1994: 2, 9-11.8.1994: 1
Oriental Scops-Owl Otus sunia m-lS 2-4, mA 2-3
? Collared Scops-Owl Otus lempiji m-lS 1-2
Northern Eagle-Owl Bubo bubo m-lA 2, W?
Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca 16.12.1916: 1
Eurasian Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium passerinum 24.10.1944: 1
Brown Hawk-Owl Ninox scutulata m-lS, mA 2
Little Owl Athene noctua mS 2, m-lA 3-4, W
Long-eared Owl Asio otus e-mS 3, m-lA 4
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus e-mS 3, m-lA 3-4
Jungle Nightjar (Grey Nightjar) Caprimulgus indicus m-lS, e-mA 3
` Beidaihe Swift '(?) Apodidae sp mS 1-2
White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacuta m-lS 3, mA 5
Common Swift Apus apus lS 3-4, Su?, e-mA 2-3
Pacific Swift (Fork-tailed Swift) Apus pacificus lS 5-6, Su?, e-mA 6
{mospagebreak title=Kingfishers, through woodpeckers, larks, to swallows and martins}
Black-capped Kingfisher Halcyon pileata m-lS 2-3, Su, mA 3-4
Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis m-lS 4, Su, e-mA 4
Crested Kingfisher Ceryle lugubris mA 1-2
Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis lS 2-3, Su?, e-mA 3
Hoopoe Upupa epops e-lS 5, Su, e-lA 4-5
Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla m-lS, e-mA 3-4
Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus R 5
Great Spotted Woodpecker Picoides major R 5
Rufous-bellied Woodpecker Picoides hyperythrus lS, mA 3-4
Grey-capped Woodpecker Picoides canicapillus R 3
Mongolian Lark Melanocorypha mongolica W 0-6
Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella cinerea mS 2
Asian Short-toed Lark Calandrella cheleensis R 5
Crested Lark Galerida cristata R? 2, W 3-4
Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis eS 5, m-lA 6, W 5
Shorelark (Horned Lark) Eremophila alpestris lA 2
Sand Martin (Bank Swallow) Riparia riparia m-lS, mA 5
[ Northern Crag-Martin Hirundo rupestris ]
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica m-lS 5-6, mA 6
Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica m-lS 5, Su, mA 6
? Asian House-Martin Delichon dasypus m-lS, lA 1-2
Common House-Martin Delichon urbica m-lS, mA 3
{mospagebreak title=Pipits and wagtails, through waxwings, to accentors}
Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi m-lS 5, Su? e-mA 5-6
Blyth's Pipit Anthus godlewskii m-lS 2-4, mA 2-3
Olive Tree-Pipit Anthus hodgsoni e-lS 5, mA 5-6
Pechora Pipit Anthus gustavi m-lS 3, mA 2-3
Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus m-lS 4, mA 4-5
Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta blakistoni e-mS, lA 3-4, W?
Buff-bellied Pipit Anthus rubescens mS 4-5, m-lA 5
Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus lS 4, Su, e-mA 4
Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava m-lS 5, e-mA 5-6 M.f. macronyx/plexa mS 5 M.f. simillima lS 5 M.f. taivana lS 3
Citrine Wagtail (Yellow-hooded Wagtail) Motacilla citreola m-lS 2-3, e-mA 2
Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea m-lS, e-mA 4
White Wagtail Motacilla alba e-lS, mA 5 M.a. leucopsis e-mS 5 M.a. baicalensis e-mS 3-4 M.a. ocularis mS 5
Black-backed Wagtail (Kamchatka Wagtail) Motacilla (alba) lugens 11.5.1990: 11
? Grey-chinned Minivet Pericrocotus solaris 22.5.1994: 1
Ashy Minivet Pericrocotus divaricatus lS 3, mA 4-5
Chinese Bulbul (Light-vented Bulbul) Pycnonotus sinensis e-lS 2-3, Su?, m-lA 2-3
Brown-eared Bulbul Hypsipetes amaurotis lA 1-2
Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus e-mS 2-6, lA 2-3, W
(NT) Japanese Waxwing Bombycilla japonica e-mS 1-3, lA 2-3
Northern Wren Troglodytes troglodytes e-mS 2-3, m-lA 3-4, W
Siberian Accentor Prunella montanella eS 4-5, m-lA 5, W
Brown Accentor Prunella fulvescens 21.10.1986: 1
Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris erythropygia mS 2, m-lA 4
{mospagebreak title=Robins, redstarts, wheatears, thrushes}
Red-tailed Robin Erithacus sibilans m-lS 3, mA 3-4
Siberian Rubythroat Erithacus calliope lS 3-4, mA 4
Bluethroat Erithacus svecicus lS, mA 3-4
Siberian Blue Robin Erithacus cyane lS 4-5 (6), e-mA 4-5
Red-flanked Bluetail (Orange-flanked Bush-Robin) Tarsiger cyanurus e-mS, m-lA 5
Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros e-mS 2
Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus e-mS, m-lA 4-5, W?
Güldenstädt's Redstart (White-winged Redstart)
Phoenicurus erythrogaster lA 2
Plumbeous Redstart Rhyacornis fuliginosus lS 1-2
[ White-bellied Redstart Hodgsonius phoenicuroides ]
Stonechat Saxicola torquata stejnegeri m-lS 5-6, e-mA 5
Grey Bushcat Saxicola ferrea m-lS 1-2
Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina 17.5.1994: 1
Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka m-lS 2
White-throated Rockthrush Monticola gularis lS 3-4, mA 3
Blue Rockthrush Monticola solitarius philippensis lS, Su?, e-mA 4

Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus 15-17.5.1993: 1
White's Thrush (Scaly Thrush) Zoothera dauma lS 3, mA 3-4
Siberian Thrush Zoothera sibirica lS 2-3, e-mA 2
Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula 26.10.1992: 1
Brown Thrush (Brown-headed Thrush) Turdus chrysolaus mS 2
(VU) Feae's Thrush (Grey-sided Thrush) Turdus feae mS 2
Grey-backed Thrush Turdus hortulorum m-lS, mA 3-4
Pale Thrush Turdus pallidus m-lS 2-3, mA 2
Eye-browed Thrush Turdus obscurus lS, mA 4
Dusky Thrush Turdus naumanni eunomus m-lS 4-5, m-lA 5
Red-tailed Thrush (Naumann's Thrush) Turdus naumanni naumanni e-mS 5, lA 5-6, W
Black-throated Thrush Turdus ruficollis atrogularis eS 1-2
Red-throated Thrush Turdus ruficollis ruficollis eS, m-lA 2-3
(NT) Chinese Song-Thrush Turdus mupinensis m-lS 2-3, mA 1-2
{mospagebreak title=Warblers}
Stub-tailed Bush Warbler Cettia squameiceps m-lS 2-3, m-lA 2-4
Manchurian Bush-Warbler Cettia canturians mS 2-3, mA 4
Spotted Bush-Warbler Bradypterus thoracicus davidi lS, mA 2-3
? Chinese Bush-Warbler Bradypterus tacsanowskius e-mA 2
Fan-tailed Warbler (Zitting Cisticola) Cisticola juncidis m-lS 3, Su, e-mA 3
Pallas's Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella certhiola lS, mA 4
? Middendorf's Warbler Locustella ochotensis lS, mA 1-2
? Pleske's Warbler Locustella pleskei 17.5.1989: 1
Lanceolated Warbler Locustella lanceolata lS, mA 5
Gray's Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella fasciolata lS, mA 2
(VU) Japanese Marsh-Warbler (Marsh Grassbird) Megalurus pryeri m-lS 1-2, m-lA 2 (2-5)
(VU) Streaked Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus sorghophilus lS 2 (3-5), e-mA (5)
Black-browed Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus bistrigiceps lS 5, Su?, e-mA 4-5
Blunt-winged Warbler Acrocephalus concinens lS 1-2
Manchurian Paddyfield Warbler Acrocephalus (agricola) tangorum lS 2-3, e-mA 2 (5)

Oriental Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus orientalis lS, Su?, e-mA 4
Thick-billed Warbler Acrocephalus aedon lS, e-mA 4
Golden-spectacled Warbler Seicercus burkii m-lS 1-2
Blyth's Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus reguloides m-lS 1-2
Eastern Crowned Warbler Phylloscopus coronatus lS 4, e-mA 3-4
Pale-legged Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus tenellipes m-lS, e-mA 3
Two-barred Warbler Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus lS, e-mA 3-4 (6)
Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis lS, e-mA 4-5
Pallas's Leaf-Warbler (Lemon-rumped Warbler) Phylloscopus proregulus e-mS 5, m-lA 5-6
Chinese Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus sichuanensis lS 1-2
Yellow-browed Warbler (Inornate Warbler) Phylloscopus inornatus inornatus m-lS, mA 6 P.i. mandellii 28-29.4.1989: 1
Radde's Warbler Phylloscopus schwarzi lS, mA 5
Yellow-streaked Warbler Phylloscopus armandii lS 2?, mA 2
Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus m-lS, mA 5
Buff-throated Warbler Phylloscopus subaffinis m-lS 1-2
Goldcrest Regulus regulus e-mS, m-lA 3-4, W?
Chinese Hill-Warbler Rhopophilus pekinensis e-lS 1-3, m-lA 2-4
{mospagebreak title=Flycatchers, through parrotbils, to tits and nuthatches}
? (NT) Fukien Niltava Niltava davidi m-lS 1, mA 1?
Blue-and-white Flycatcher Cyanoptila cyanomelana m-lS 3, mA 2
Verditer Flycatcher Muscicapa thalassina 12.5.1995: 1
Sooty Flycatcher (Siberian Flycatcher) Muscicapa sibirica lS, e-mA 3-4
Grey-streaked Flycatcher Muscicapa griseisticta lS, e-mA 3
Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa latirostris lS, e-mA 5
Yellow-rumped Flycatcher Ficedula zanthopygia lS 3-4, Su?, e-mA 3
Elisae's Flycatcher (Chinese Narcissus Flycatcher) Ficedula (narcissina) elisae lS 2
Mugimaki Flycatcher Ficedula mugimaki lS 3, mA 2-3
Red-throated Flycatcher Ficedula (parva) albicilla m-lS, mA 5
Grey-headed Flycatcher Culiciciapa ceylonensis 6&7.5.1993: 1
Asian Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi lS, e-mA 2-3
(NT) Japanese Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone atrocaudata 7,13-16.5.1992: 1/2
Bearded Reedling Panurus biarmicus eS, mA 1-2
Vinous-throated Parrotbill Paradoxornis webbianus mS 2-3, m-lA 3
P